Methods of stimulating liver regeneration

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods and compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, for stimulating liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, massive liver resection and toxic injury, or following liver transplantation, including small-for-size liver transplantation, by inhibiting activation of complement.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/222,867, filed on Jul. 2, 2009, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT OF RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made in part during work supported by Grant No. R01 HL86576 and Grant No. C06 RR015455 from the National Institutes of Health. The government may have certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application pertains to methods and compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, for stimulating liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, massive liver resection and toxic injury, or following liver transplantation, including small-for-size liver transplantation

BACKGROUND

Liver resection has become an increasingly safe procedure, but certain procedures remain high-risk, such as massive liver resection (i.e., 70% or more) and small-for-size (SFS) liver transplantation (1-3). Massive hepatic resection is the only option for some patients with primary or secondary liver tumors. With regard to SFS transplantation, the use of partial liver grafts has the potential to significantly reduce the donor shortage by allowing the donor organ to be split between two recipients. In addition, living donor liver transplantation is emerging as an option for some patients, a procedure requiring liver resection and regeneration in the donor and regeneration in the recipient.

The failure of a partial liver to regenerate is considered a critical contributing factor in post-surgical primary liver dysfunction and liver failure, and minimal viable liver volume required for regeneration, following either massive liver resection or SFS transplantation, is an important concept (1-3). Impaired liver regeneration and liver dysfunction has been strongly linked to the extent of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), an unavoidable consequence of the surgical procedures, and studies in rodent models have shown that small liver fragments and SFS grafts are more susceptible to IRI (3-7). Although the precise mechanisms responsible for liver dysfunction and failure in small liver remnants and SFS grafts are not well understood, complement appears to play an important role in both IRI and liver regeneration.

Complement is an important component of immunity, but inappropriate and excessive activation of the complement system is involved in numerous pathological conditions, including IRI. Complement activation products that mediate tissue injury are generated at various points in the complement pathway. Complement activation on a cell surface results in the cleavage of serum C3 and the covalent attachment of C3 fragments that serve as opsonins for immune effector cells. C3 cleavage also results in the generation of C3a, a soluble peptide that is a potent anaphylatoxin. Later in the pathway, serum C5 is cleaved to release soluble C5a, another potent anaphylatoxin and chemoattractant with a wide range of bioactive properties. Cleavage of C5 also initiates formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC), a cytolytic protein complex that assembles in cell membranes, ultimately resulting in cell lysis.

The disclosures of all publications, protein or nucleic acid sequences, accession numbers referring to protein or nucleic acid sequences in public sequence databases, patent applications and patents cited in this specification are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, as if each individual publication, patent application, or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In particular, all publications cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing compositions and methodologies which might be used in connection with the invention. Although the invention described herein has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce activation of terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the individual. In certain embodiments, the individual is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human. In certain embodiments, the individual has undergone a partial hepatectomy. In certain embodiments, the individual has undergone a liver transplant. In certain embodiments, the liver transplant is a small-for-size liver transplant. In certain embodiments, the individual is a live liver donor.

In certain embodiments, the composition is a complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of a targeted complement inhibitor, or a non-targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor is a fusion protein comprising: a complement receptor 2 (CR2) portion comprising CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or a biologically active fragment thereof; and a complement inhibitor portion, wherein the complement inhibitor portion is selected from the group consisting of human CD59 (SEQ ID NO:3), mouse CD59, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), mouse CD59, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9) and a biologically active fragment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first two N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2). In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first four N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CR2 (amino acids 23-271 of SEQ ID NO:1). In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human CD59 (SEQ ID NO:3), full-length mouse CD59, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or full-length mouse CD59, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3), the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8), or the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of an anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, clusterin, and vitronectin. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is humanized. In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is eculizumab or pexelizumab.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:15) or mouse clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:16). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse clusterin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:17) or mouse vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:18). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse vitronectin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows that complement deficiency and inhibition protects against hepatic injury and inflammation following ischemia and reperfusion. Determinations were performed using liver or serum samples prepared after 30 minutes ischemia and either 6 or 24 hours reperfusion in C3^(−/−) mice or wild-type mice treated with normal saline (NS) or CR2-Crry (either 0.25 mg or 0.08 mg dose). (A) Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. (B) Histological quantification of hepatic necrosis and injury determined 6 hours after reperfusion on scale of 0-4. (C) Representative hematoxylin- and eosin-stained (H&E-stained) sections 6 hours after reperfusion with arrow outlined area showing wide spread hepatic necrosis in wild-type mice. (D) myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in liver samples normalized by total protein content. (E) Serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa). (F) Serum concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Serum ALT levels, histological scores, liver MPO levels and serum TNFa and IL-6 levels were all raised significantly in all groups undergoing I/R compared to sham operated mice. Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=4 for all groups. (^(#)P<0.05, ^(##)P<0.01 vs. other IRI groups, respectively; *P<0.05 vs. CR2-Crry 0.25 mg group; ^(@)P<0.05, ^(@@)P<0.01 vs. CR2-Crry 0.08 mg group).

FIG. 2 shows hepatic steatosis in C3^(−/−) and C5L2^(−/−) mice following partial hepatectomy (PHx). All analyses are from liver samples isolated 48 hours post-PHx. (A) Representative H&E stained sections showing C3 and C5L2 deficiency is associated with a significant increase in necrosis with hepatic micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, whereas wild-type mice and C3^(−/−) mice treated with 15 μg acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesArg) exhibit much less apparent steatosis. (B) Representative Oil Red 0 stained sections. C3^(−/−) and C5L2^(−/−) mice have increased micro- and macrovesicular steatosis compared to wild-type and C3^(−/−) mice treated with 15 μg ASP. (C) Quantification of hepatic triglyceride accumulation (^(##)P<0.01 vs. wild-type groups; **P<0.01 vs. C3^(−/−) groups). Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=4-6.

FIG. 3 shows that reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with ASP following PHx enhances either regeneration or injury depending on dose, and C5L2 deficiency (ASP/C3adesArg receptor) increases injury and impairs regeneration. A 15 μg or 50 μg dose of ASP/C3adesArg was administered to C3^(−/−) mice immediately after surgery, and all determinations made at 48 hours post-PHx. (A) Serum ALT levels, (B) Histopathological scores, (C) Assessment of regeneration by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, (D) Restitution of liver weight, (E) 48 hour survival, (F) Western blot assay for phosphorylated form of STAT3 at 3 hours post-PHx. Reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with low dose ASP/C3adesArg, but not high dose ASP/C3adesArg significantly increase 2 day survival. Note that p-STAT3 levels are strongly reduced in both C5L2^(−/−) and C3^(−/−) mice compared to wild-type mice. Low dose ASP reconstitution restored activation of STAT3. ^(#)P<0.05, ^(##)P<0.01 vs. the C3^(−/−) NS group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the C5L2^(−/−) and C3^(−/−) NS (similar to C3^(−/−)) group, respectively. For survival study, n=10 each group; all other studies n=4-6.

FIG. 4 shows that reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with high dose ASP/C3adesArg enhances inflammation and injury after PHx. Either a 15 μg or 50 μg dose of ASP/C3adesArg was administered to C3^(−/−) mice immediately after surgery, and cytokine and MPO determinations measured at 6 hours post-PHx. (A) Serum TNFa levels. (B) Serum IL-6 levels. (C) MPO content in liver samples. ^(##)P<0.01 vs. NS group; **P<0.01 vs. 50 μg ASP/C3adesArg group. Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=4-6 for all groups.

FIG. 5 shows the opposing effects of high and low dose complement inhibition on hepatic injury and regeneration following PHx. Wild-type mice were treated with normal saline or CR2-Crry at a dose of either 0.25 mg or 0.08 mg immediately after surgery. All determinations were made at 48 hours post-PHx. (A) Serum ALT levels. (B) Histological quantification of hepatic necrosis and injury determined on scale of 0-4. (C) Assessment of regeneration by BrdU incorporation. (D) Mitotic index evaluated by calculating percentage of hepatocytes undergoing mitosis in H&E-stained sections. (E) Restitution of liver weight expressed as percentage of regenerated liver mass relative to total liver weight. (F) Accumulated survival rate 7 days after 70% PHx. For all determinations from A to E, _(##)P<0.01 vs. normal saline group; **P<0.01 vs. all other PHx groups. Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=6 for all groups. For F, P<0.01 compared to NS and CR2-Crry 0.08 mg treatment groups, n=20.

FIG. 6 shows that treatment of mice with CR2-Crry following PHx results in a dose-dependent decrease in hepatic C3d deposition. Wild-type mice were treated with normal saline (A) or CR2-Crry at a dose of 0.25 mg (B) or 0.08 mg (C) immediately after surgery. C3^(−/−) mice (D) received no treatment. At 48 hours after PHx, livers were removed and sections analyzed for C3d deposition by immunofluorescence microscopy. Complement deposition was localized to the central lobular areas and was associated with hepatocyte and sinusoidal endothelial cells in wild-type mice. C3 deposition was reduced in mice treated with 0.08 mg CR2-Crry and was absent in mice treated with 0.25 mg CR2-Crry and in C3^(−/−) mice. Representative images, n=3.

FIG. 7 shows the opposing effects of high and low dose complement inhibition on hepatic injury and regeneration in a model incorporating both IRI and PHx. Mice were treated with normal saline or CR2-Crry at a dose of either 0.25 mg or 0.08 mg immediately after surgery. C3^(−/−) mice received no treatment. All determinations were made 48 hours post-I/R and PHx. (A) Mouse survival. (B) Serum ALT levels. (C) Histological quantification of hepatic necrosis and injury determined on scale of 0-4. (D) Assessment of regeneration by BrdU incorporation. (E) Restitution of liver weight. (F) MPO content in liver samples. ^(#)P<0.05, ^(##)P<0.01 vs. wild-type group; **P<0.01 vs. wild-type group (similar to wild-type NS group); ^(@@)P<0.01 vs. all other groups. Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=6-10.

FIG. 8 shows the effect of C3 deficiency and complement inhibition on hepatic and serum levels of TNFa and IL-6 following IRI+PHx. Mice were treated with normal saline or CR2-Crry at a dose of either 0.25 mg or 0.08 mg immediately after surgery. C3^(−/−) mice received no treatment. (A) Serum TNFa levels 6 hours post-PHx. (B) Serum IL-6 levels 6 hours post-PHx. (C) Serum TNFa levels 48 hours post-PHx. (D) Serum IL-6 levels 48 hours post-PHx. (E) Hepatic TNFa levels 3 hours post-PHx. (F) Hepatic IL-6 levels 3 hours post-PHx. Low dose CR2-Crry treatment was associated with high hepatic levels of IL-6 and TNFa early post-PHx relative to other groups, and lower relative serum cytokine levels by 48 h post-PHx. ^(#)P<0.05, ^(##)P<0.01 vs. wild-type group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. wild-type group (similar to wild-type NS group); ^(@@)P<0.01 vs. CR2-Crry 0.25 mg and C3^(−/−) groups. Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=6 for all groups.

FIG. 9 shows the opposing effects of high and low dose complement inhibition on STAT3 and Akt activation and on hepatic ATP levels following IRI+PHx. Mice were treated with normal saline or CR2-Crry at a dose of either 0.25 mg or 0.08 mg immediately after surgery. C3^(−/−) mice received no treatment. (A) Western blot analysis of STAT3 and Akt phosphorylation using liver samples taken 3 hours and 6 hours post-IRI+PHx. Low dose complement inhibition with CR2-Crry was associated with increased STAT3 and Akt activation. In contrast, expression of p-STAT3 and p-Akt was significantly reduced in mice treated with high dose CR2-Crry and in C3^(−/−) mice. (B) ATP content in liver tissue samples taken at different time points after IRI+PHx. Low dose complement inhibition with CR2-Crry was associated with less ATP depletion and higher overall ATP levels compared to all other groups. **P<0.01 vs. all other IRI+PHx groups; ^(#)P<0.05, ^(##)P<0.01 vs. CR2-Crry 0.25 mg group and C3^(−/−) group. N=4-6 for all groups.

FIG. 10 shows that low dose CR2-Crry treatment after IRI+PHx decreases levels of markers for oxidative stress. (A) glutathione (GSH) and (B) malondialdehyde (MDA) content 6 hours after IRI+PHx as determined spectrophotometrically and expressed as nmol/mg protein in liver samples. (C) Western blot analysis of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), demonstrating that low dose CR2-Crry treatment prevents relative decrease in GPX1 levels after IRI+PHx. Western blot data quantitated by image analysis of autoradiograms. For all data, Mean±SD. **P<0.01 vs. NS group, n=4.

FIG. 11 shows that IL-6 blockade reverses protective effect of low dose complement inhibition following IRI+PHx. Mice were treated with 0.08 mg CR2-Crry and either anti-mouse IL-6 antibody or control IgG immediately after IRI+PHx. (A) Serum IL-6 levels at 6 hours post-PHx (B) Hepatic IL-6 levels at 3 hours post-PHx. (C) Western blot analysis of phosphorylated form of STAT3 (p-STAT3) at 3 hours post-PHx together with densitometric quantification. p-STAT3 levels were strongly reduced in mice treated with anti-IL-6 antibodies. (D) Serum ALT levels at 48 hours post-PHx. (E) BrdU incorporation at 48 hours post-PHx. Data are expressed as the Mean±SD, n=4. ^(##)P<0.01 vs. the IgG control IRI+PHx group.

FIG. 12 shows that complement deficiency and inhibition protects against hepatic injury and inflammation following ischemia and reperfusion in a partial inflow occlusion model. Determinations were performed using liver or serum samples prepared after 90 minutes ischemia and indicated time of reperfusion in C3^(−/−) mice or wild-type mice treated with normal saline (NS) or CR2-Crry (either 0.25 or 0.08 mg dose). (A) Representative H&E stained sections at 6 hours post-reperfusion. (B) Serum ALT levels. (C) Serum TNFa levels. (D) Serum IL-6 levels. (E) MPO content in liver samples normalized by total protein content. Results expressed as Mean±SD, n=4-6. ^(##)P<0.01 vs. all other IRI groups; **P<0.01 vs. CR2-Crry 0.25 mg group and C3^(−/−) group.

FIG. 13 shows that complement deficiency increases hepatic injury and inhibits regeneration following 70% PHx. All determinations made at 48 hours post-PHx. (A) Serum ALT levels. (B) Histological quantification of hepatic necrosis and injury determined on scale of 0-4. Assessment of liver regeneration by (C) BrdU incorporation, (D) mitotic index and, (E) restitution of liver weight. From A to E, n=6 for all groups. Results expressed as Mean±SD, ^(##)P<0.01 vs. sham group; ^(#)P<0.01 vs. wild-type PHx group. (F) Accumulative survival rate 7 days after 70% PHx. n=36/group, P<0.01.

FIG. 14 shows that the distribution and intensity of hepatic C3d staining is not significantly different in wild-type and C5L2-deficient mice following PHx. Wild-type (A) or C5L2-deficient mice (B) were subjected to 70% PHx and livers isolated 48 later for anti-C3d immunofluorescence microscopy. Note the presence of C3d (green) in hepatocytes and around hepatocyte membranes. Images are representative of n=3.

FIG. 15 shows that low dose CR2-Crry treatment decreases liver injury and improves liver regeneration following PHx. Wild-type mice were treated with normal saline (NS) or 0.08 mg CR2-Crry immediately after surgery. (A) The increase of liver weight at various times post-PHx showed that mass recovery in mice treated with low dose CR2-Crry was improved compared to NS control group. (B) The mitotic index was increased in mice treated with low dose CR2-Crry compared to NS treated mice. (C) 48 hour morbidity on a scale of 0-9 (see Example 1, Materials and Methods). (D) Serum ALT levels. Results expressed as Mean±SD, *P<0.05; **P<0.01. n=4-6 mice for each time point in A, B, D, and n=12 in C.

FIG. 16 shows the results of histological examination of liver subjected to 30 minutes ischemia and 6 hours reperfusion. A: Sham; B: WT; C: CD59^(−/−); D: CD59^(−/−)+CR2-CD59. Quantification of histological evidence of hepatic injury demonstrated the IRI in CD59^(−/−) animals was associated with a significant increase in liver damage compared to WW mice (^(##)P<0.01). Reconstitution with 0.4 mg CR2-CD59 significantly decreased liver injury (**P<0.01). Sham operated animals in all cases had a histology score of 0 (n=6).

FIG. 17 shows that IRI induces a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in CD59^(−/−) mice compared to wild-type mice (^(##)P<0.01). Reconstitution with 0.4 mg CR2-CD59 significantly decreased ALT levels in CD59^(−/−) mice after IRI (**P<0.01)(n=6).

FIG. 18 shows that serum ALT levels significantly increased in the livers of CD59^(−/−) mice 48 hours after undergoing 70% PHx compared to serum ALT levels in the livers of wild-type mice undergoing the same procedure (^(##)P<0.01). Reconstitution of CD59^(−/−) animals with 0.2 mg CR2-CD59 significantly decreased serum ALT levels (**P<0.01)(n=6).

FIG. 19 shows that extensive necrosis was detected in the livers of CD59^(−/−) mice 48 hours after undergoing 70% PHx. (A: Sham operated, B: WT, C: CD59^(−/−), D: reconstituted with CR2-CD59; H&E staining, 100× magnification). Quantification of histological evidence of hepatic injury showed the 70% PHx in CD59^(−/−) animals was associated with a significant increase in liver damage (^(##)P<0.01). Again, reconstitution with 0.2 mg CR2-CD59 significantly decreased parenchyma damage (**P<0.01). Sham operated animals in all cases had histology scores of 0 (n=6).

FIG. 20 shows that 70% PHx almost completely abolished hepatic regeneration as measured by BrdU incorporation in CD59^(−/−) mice 48 hours after 70% PHx (^(##)P<0.01) compared to wild-type animals or in CD59−/− animals reconstituted with 0.2 mg CR2-CD59, as shown by a marked increase in the number of BrdU+ cells (**P<0.01).

FIG. 21 shows that the 7-day survival rate for CD59^(−/−) mice following 70% PHx was only 30% (3/10), compared to 100% for wild-type mice (10/10)(P<0.01). CR2-CD59 treatment significantly improved survival rate of CD59^(−/−) animals from 30% (3/10) to 90% (9/10)(P<0.01).

FIG. 22 shows that serum ALT levels significantly increased in wild-type mice following hepatic IRI compared to the sham-operated group (^(##)P<0.01). Treatment with targeted complement inhibitors (either 0.25 mg CR2-Crry or 0.20 mg CR2-CD59) post-IRI decreased serum ALT levels compared to the normal saline (NS) group (**P<0.01)(n=4).

FIG. 23 shows that treatment with a 0.45 mg dose of CR2-CD59 or a 0.15 mg dose of CR2-CD59 significantly decreased ALT levels in wild-type mice 48 hours after 70% PHx compared to the NS control (^(##,**)P<0.01)(n=4).

FIG. 24 shows histological quantification of hepatic necrosis and injury determined on scale of 0-4. Animals were treated with NS, 0.25 mg CR2-Crry, 0.08 mg CR2-Crry, 0.45 mg CR2-CD59, or 0.15 mg CR2-CD59 immediately after 70% PHx (^(##)P<0.01 compared to the NS group; *P<0.05 compared to the NS group. Results expressed as Mean±SD (n=4-6).

FIG. 25 shows that treatment with 0.45 mg or 0.15 mg CR2-CD59 immediately after 70% PHx improves liver regeneration, as shown by a marked increase in the number of BrdU+ cells (^(##)P<0.01 compared to NS group; **P<0.01 compared to NS group (n=4-6).

FIG. 26 shows that serum ALT levels increase significantly in wild-type mice 6 hours after undergoing 90% PHx (^(##)P<0.01, compared to the sham-operated group). Treatment with 0.1 mg CR2-CD59 immediately after surgery significantly decreased serum ALT levels (**P<0.01)(n=4).

FIG. 27 shows hemotoxylin & eosin (H&E)-stained sections of liver tissue that revealed extensive histological change characterized by severe microvesicular steatosis of hepatocytes in the remnant liver 24 hours after 90% PHx in the CR2-Crry-treated and control groups, while the histological changes observed in the 90%-hepatectomized mice treated with 0.1 mg CR2-CD59 were significantly less extensive.

FIG. 28 shows that BrdU incorporation in wild-type mice was almost abolished 24 hours after 90% PHx. Treatment with 0.1 mg CR2-CD59 improved liver regeneration as shown by a marked increase in the number of BrdU+ cells (**P<0.01 compared to other groups).

FIG. 29 shows that treatment of wild-type mice with a 0.1 mg dose of CR2-CD59 immediately following 90% PHx significantly increased the 7-day survival rate compared to other groups (P<0.01).

FIG. 30 shows hepatic triglyceride levels in wild-type and factor B^(−/−), C3^(−/−), and CD59^(−/−) knockout mice after ethanol feeding and 70% PHx as described in the Examples. (^(##)P<0.01 compared to sham-operated animals; **P<0.01 compared to wild-type animals)(n=6).

FIG. 31 shows serum ALT levels in wild-type and factor B^(−/−), C3^(−/−), and CD59^(−/−) knockout mice after ethanol feeding and 70% PHx (^(##)P<0.01 compared to sham-operated animals; **P<0.01 compared to wild-type animals)(n=6).

FIG. 32 shows H&E-stained sections of liver tissue from ethanol-fed animals undergoing 70% PHx revealing extensive histological change characterized by massive necrosis and severe steatosis of hepatocytes in the remnant liver 48 hours after 70% hepatectomy in the NS control group. The histological changes observed in the ethanol fed, 70% PHx animals treated with CR2-Crry were significantly less extensive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO:1 is the complete amino acid sequence of human complement receptor 2 (CR2).

SEQ ID NO:2 is the complete amino acid sequence of short consensus repeat (SCR) domains 1 and 2 of human CR2.

SEQ ID NO:3 is the amino acid sequence of human CD59 protein.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the complete amino acid sequence of mouse complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry).

SEQ ID NO:5 is the amino acid sequence of human factor H.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the amino acid sequence of human ASP/C3adesArg.

SEQ ID NO:7 is the amino acid sequence of the human ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2).

SEQ ID NO:8 is the amino acid sequence of mouse CD59A protein.

SEQ ID NO:9 is the amino acid sequence of mouse CD59B protein.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the amino acid sequence of mouse factor H.

SEQ ID NO:11 is the amino acid sequence of human complement receptor 1 (CR1).

SEQ ID NO:12 is the amino acid sequence of human membrane cofactor protein (MCP).

SEQ ID NO:13 is the amino acid sequence of human decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55).

SEQ ID NO:14 is the amino acid sequence of mouse decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55).

SEQ ID NO:15 is the amino acid sequence of human clusterin protein.

SEQ ID NO:16 is the amino acid sequence of mouse clusterin protein.

SEQ ID NO:17 is the amino acid sequence of human vitronectin protein.

SEQ ID NO:18 is the amino acid sequence of mouse vitronectin protein.

SEQ ID NO:19 is the amino acid sequence of human C1-inhibitor protein.

SEQ ID NO:20 is the amino acid sequence of mouse C1-inhibitor protein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Although complement inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy to protect against hepatic IRI, the important role of complement in liver regeneration suggests that complement inhibition might not be a viable therapeutic strategy in the context of liver resection and SFS liver transplantation, even though IRI is associated with impaired regeneration. The data from the Examples presented herein provide a better understanding of complement-dependent mechanisms and the relative contribution of complement in IRI compared to hepatic regeneration, as well as the relationship between hepatic IRI and regeneration. The data also suggests complement modulatory approaches to improve outcome following massive liver resection or SFS liver transplantation.

Failure of the liver to regenerate following massive liver resection or small-for-size liver transplantation often leads to liver dysfunction and organ or transplant failure. Hepatic ischemia and subsequent reperfusion (I/R) that injures the liver and impairs regeneration is unavoidable during such complex surgical procedures. The pathogenic mechanisms involved in IRI are complex and multifaceted, but it is clear that activation of complement is a key initiating event. Both C3 deficiency and complement inhibition protect against hepatic injury and inflammation following I/R.

It has been shown that C3 and C5 deficiency results in impaired liver regeneration following either toxic injury or partial hepatectomy (PHx, analogous to liver resection). Roles for complement activation products C3a and C5a in regeneration have been shown by the use of C3a receptor (C3aR)-deficient mice, treatment of mice with C3aR and C5aR antagonists, and reconstitution experiments (13-15). Data indicate that C3a and C5a contribute to the early priming events of the proliferative response via an effect on TNFa and IL-6 expression and the subsequent activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3 (14).

A significant increase in hepatosteatosis is associated with C3 deficiency (see Examples). Because the C3 cleavage product C3a plays a role in liver regeneration, and because a degraded form of C3a, acylation stimulating protein (ASP, or C3adesArg), plays a role in lipid metabolism, we examined the effect of ASP/C3adesArg reconstitution in C3^(−/−) mice following PHx. Previous studies have shown that the hepatic proliferative response is restored in C3^(−/−) mice reconstituted with multiple doses of C3a (14) and that liver regeneration is impaired in C3aR^(−/−) mice (13). ASP/C3adesArg does not bind to C3aR, however. The only known receptor for ASP/C3adesArg, C5L2 (23-26, 34, 35), also binds C3a (and C5a/C5adesArg) and plays an important role in triglyceride synthesis and clearance (25, 26). Administration of 15 μg ASP/C3adesArg to C3^(−/−) mice after PHx significantly reduced hepatosteatosis, protected against injury, restored BrdU incorporation (a measure of cell proliferation) to the level seen in wild-type mice and reversed the decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation seen in C3^(−/−) mice. Thus, the involvement of complement in the proliferative response can be independent of C3aR signaling, showing that ASP/C3adesArg plays a key role in hepatoprotection and liver regeneration following PHx.

Unexpectedly, reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with a high dose of ASP/C3adesArg (50 μg) following PHx failed to restore liver regeneration and induced severe injury. Moreover, wild-type mice treated with either a low or high dose of ASP/C3adesArg exhibited a significant increase in liver injury with impaired regeneration compared to untreated wild-type animals. While both C3a and ASP/C3adesArg play a role in liver regeneration, both peptides also have proinflammatory properties, although removal of the C-terminal Arg from C3a inactivates certain of them (26, 38). The significant increases seen in liver MPO activity and in serum levels of TNFa and IL-6 associated with high dose ASP/C3adesArg treatment in C3^(−/−) mice testifies to the proinflammatory properties of ASP/C3adesArg, indicating that there is a threshold of complement activation, C3a, and ASP/C3adesArg production for optimal liver regeneration following PHx. Indeed, while TNFa and IL-6 play important roles in liver regeneration, these cytokines apparently play dual roles in injury vs. hepatoprotection and regeneration (27, 39). Although IL-6 dependent processes are associated mainly with protective responses, TNFa expression is clearly associated with inflammation and injury, and these cytokines can modulate expression of each other.

Thus, we have identified a complement-dependent balance in the link between IRI and impaired liver regeneration, suggesting there is a threshold of complement activation, C3a, and ASP/C3adesArg production for optimal liver regeneration following PHx, above which increased levels of C3a, ASP/C3adesArg, and other complement activation products, tip the balance toward injury and impairment of regeneration. These findings suggest that patients undergoing massive liver resection or small-for-size liver transplantation may benefit from modulated complement inhibition.

Complement Regulatory Proteins

A number of endogenous soluble and membrane-bound proteins that regulate complement have been identified. These complement regulatory proteins include, but are not limited to, membrane cofactor protein (MCP), decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55), CD59, mouse complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry), human complement receptor 1 (CR1) and factor H.

Membrane cofactor protein, also referred to as CD46 (MCP/CD46) (SEQ ID NO:12), is a widely distributed C3b/C4b-binding cell surface glycoprotein which inhibits complement activation on host cells. Like several other complement regulatory proteins, MCP comprises several approximately 60 amino acid repeating motifs termed short consensus repeats (SCR). Beginning at its amino-terminus, MCP is composed of four SCR domains, a serine/threonine/proline-rich region, an area of undefined function, a transmembrane hydrophobic domain, a cytoplasmic anchor and cytoplasmic tail.

Decay accelerating factor, also referred to as CD55 (DAF/CD55) (SEQ ID NO:13 and SEQ ID NO:14), is a ˜70 kiloDalton (kDa) membrane-bound glycoprotein which inhibits complement activation on host cells. Like several other complement regulatory proteins, DAF comprises several approximately 60 amino acid repeating motifs termed short consensus repeats (SCR). Beginning at its amino-terminus, DAF comprises four SCR domains, a heavily O-glycosylated serine/threonine-rich domain, and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. DAF prevents assembly or accelerates decay of both the C3- and C5-convertases of the alternative and classical complement pathways.

CD59 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:8 and SEQ ID NO:9) is a membrane-bound inhibitor of complement that blocks assembly of the MAC by binding to C8 and C9 but does not affect generation of complement opsonins or C3a and C5a. Soluble forms of CD59 (sCD59) have been produced, but they generally have low functional activity in vitro, particularly in the presence of serum, suggesting that unmodified sCD59 has little or no therapeutic efficacy. See, e.g., S. Meri et al., “Structural composition and functional characterization of soluble CD59: heterogeneity of the oligosaccharide and glyophosphoinositol (GPI) anchor revealed by laser-desorption mass spectrometric analysis,” Biochem. J.:923-935 (1996).

The mouse protein complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) (SEQ ID NO:4) is a membrane-bound inhibitor of complement that regulates complement activation by serving as a cofactor for complement factor I, a serine protease which cleaves C3b and C4b deposited on host tissue. Crry also acts as a decay-accelerating factor, preventing the formation of C4bC2a and C3bBb, the amplification convertases of the complement cascade.

Complement receptor 1 (CR1) (SEQ ID NO:11) protein is the main system for processing and clearance of complement-opsonized immune complexes. CR1 negatively regulates the complement cascade, mediates immune adherence and phagocytosis, and inhibits both the classic and alternative complement pathways. The CR1 protein has a 47 amino acid signal peptide, an extracellular domain of 1930 amino acids, a 25 amino acid transmembrane domain and a 43 amino acid C-terminal cytoplasmic region. The large extracellular domain of CR1, which has 25 potential N-glycosylation sites, can be divided into 30 short consensus repeat (SCR) domains (also known as complement control protein repeats or sushi domains), each having 60 to 70 amino acids. The 30 SCR domains are further grouped into four longer regions termed long homologous repeats (LHRs) each encoding approximately 45 kDa of protein and designated LHR-A, -B, -C, and -D.

Factor H (SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:10) is a plasma glycoprotein composed of 20 SCR domains of approximately 60 amino acids, arranged in a continuous fashion like a string of beads, separated by short linker sequences of 2-6 amino acids each. Factor H binds to C3b, accelerates the decay of the alternative pathway C3-convertase (C3bBb), and acts as a cofactor for the proteolytic inactivation of C3b. In the presence of factor H, C3b proteolysis results in the cleavage of C3b. Factor H has at least three distinct binding domains for C3b, located within SCRs 1-4, SCRs 5-8, and SCRs 19-20. Each site of factor H binds to a distinct region within the C3b protein: the N-terminal sites bind to native C3b; the second site, located in the middle region of factor H, binds to the C3c fragment and the site located within SCR19 and 20 binds to the C3d region. Factor H also contains binding sites for heparin, located within SCR 7, SCRs 5-12, and SCR 20, partially overlapping the C3b binding sites. The domains for the complement inhibitory activity of factor H are located within SCR1-4, the first four N-terminal SCR domains.

Targeted delivery of complement inhibitors to sites of complement activation and disease can improve their efficacy. Since complement plays an important role in host defense and the shaping of immunity, as well as in immune homeostatic mechanisms such as immune complex catabolism and apoptotic cell clearance, targeted delivery of complement inhibitors reduces potentially serious side effects resulting from systemic complement inhibition, particularly long-term complement inhibition.

Complement protein C3 is a zymogen. Intact C3 circulates at high concentrations (1-2 mg/ml). M. Janzi et al., Mol. Cell. Proteomics (2005) 4(12):1942-1947. During complement activation, whole C3 is cleaved to form C3b which becomes covalently bound to target surfaces. Endogenous complement regulatory proteins inactivate tissue-bound C3b to form iC3b and eventually the 35 kilodalton (“kD”) C3d fragment. The C3d fragment remains fixed to tissues and serves as a durable marker of complement-mediated inflammation. I. Leivo et al., J. Cell. Biol. (1986) 103:1091-1100.

Human complement receptor 2, also referred to as CD21 (CR2/CD21) (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2), is a ˜145 kD transmembrane protein of the C3 binding protein family comprising 15 or 16 short consensus repeat (SCR) domains, structural units characteristic of such proteins. CR2 is expressed on mature B cells and follicular dendritic cells, and plays an important role in humoral immunity. J. Hannan et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2002) 30:983-989; K. A. Young et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2007) 282(50):36614-36625. CR2 protein does not bind intact C3 protein, but binds its breakdown products, including the C3b, iC3b, and C3d cleavage fragments, via a binding site located within the first two amino-terminal short consensus repeats (“SCRs 1-2”) of the CR2 protein. Consequently, the SCR1-2 domain of CR2 discriminates between cleaved (i.e., activated) forms of C3 and intact circulating C3. As a targeting group, SCRs 1-2 of CR2 are therefore able to discriminate between circulating C3 and the C3 fragments generated during complement activation. Although the affinity of CR2 for C3d is only 620-658 nM (J. Hannan et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. (2002) 30:983-989; J. M. Guthridge et al., Biochem. (2001) 40:5931-5941), the avidity of CR2 for clustered C3d makes it an effective method of targeting molecules to sites of complement activation.

Cleavage of C3 results initially in the generation and deposition of C3b on the activating cell surface. The C3b fragment is involved in the generation of enzymatic complexes that amplify the complement cascade. On a cell surface, C3b is rapidly converted to inactive iC3b, particularly when deposited on a host surface containing regulators of complement activation (i.e., most host tissue). Even in the absence of membrane-bound complement regulators, substantial levels of iC3b are formed because of the action of serum factor H. iC3b is subsequently digested to the membrane-bound fragments C3dg and then C3d by factor I and other proteases, but this process is relatively slow. Thus, the C3 ligands for CR2 are relatively long lived once they are generated and will be present in high concentrations at sites of complement activation.

DEFINITIONS

General reference to “the composition” or “compositions” includes and is applicable to compositions of the invention.

As used herein, the singular form of the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural references unless indicated otherwise. For example, the phrase “a biologically active CR2 fragment” includes one or more biologically active CR2 fragments.

Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X.”

It is understood that aspects and embodiments of the invention described herein include consisting and/or consisting essentially of aspects and embodiments.

As used herein, the term “individual” refers to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals include, but are not limited to, research animals, domestic animals, farm animals, sport animals, pets, primates, mice and rats. In certain embodiments, the individual is human. In certain embodiments, the individual is an individual other than a human. In certain embodiments, the individual is an animal model for the study of a disease in which the alternative complement pathway is implicated.

Compositions

Provided herein are compositions for use in methods of stimulating liver regeneration. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise targeted complement inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise non-targeted complement inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the targeted and non-targeted complement inhibitors inhibit the classical complement pathway and the alternative complement pathway. In certain embodiments, the targeted and non-targeted complement inhibitors specifically inhibit the alternative complement pathway. In certain embodiments, the targeted and non-targeted complement inhibitors inhibit terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC).

In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise ASP/C3adesArg antagonists. In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonists.

Targeted Complement Inhibitors

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitors comprise fusion proteins comprising a CR2 portion and a complement inhibitor portion. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitors comprise fusion proteins comprising a targeting portion and a complement inhibitor portion. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human (SEQ ID NO:3) or mouse (SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:9) CD59 protein or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length mouse Crry protein (SEQ ID NO:4) or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human (SEQ ID NO:5) or mouse (SEQ ID NO:10) factor H (SEQ ID NO:5) or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises human complement receptor 1 (CR1) (SEQ ID NO:11) or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises human membrane cofactor protein (MCP) (SEQ ID NO:12) or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human (SEQ ID NO:13) or mouse (SEQ ID NO:14) decay accelerating factor (DAF) or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof.

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) or a biologically active fragment thereof. CR2 is a transmembrane protein expressed predominantly on mature B cells and follicular dendritic cells. CR2 is a member of the C3 binding protein family. Natural ligands for CR2 include, for example, iC3b, C3dg, and C3d, and cell-bound breakdown fragments of C3b that bind to the two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2). Cleavage of C3 results initially in the generation of C3b and the covalent attachment of this C3b to the activating cell surface. The C3b fragment is involved in the generation of enzymatic complexes that amplify the complement cascade. On a cell surface, C3b is rapidly converted to inactive iC3b, particularly when deposited on a host surface containing regulators of complement activation (i.e., most host tissue). Even in absence of membrane bound complement regulators, substantial levels of iC3b are formed. iC3b is subsequently digested to the membrane bound fragments C3dg and then C3d by serum proteases, but this process is relatively slow. Thus, the C3 ligands for CR2 are relatively long lived once they are generated and will be present in high concentrations at sites of complement activation. CR2 therefore can serve as a potent targeting vehicle for bringing molecules to the site of complement activation.

CR2 contains an extracellular portion having 15 or 16 repeating units known as short consensus repeats (SCR domains). The SCR domains typically have a framework of highly conserved residues including four cysteines, two prolines, one tryptophan and several other partially conserved glycines and hydrophobic residues. SEQ ID NO:1 represents the full-length human CR2 protein sequence having 15 SCR domains Amino acids 1-20 of SEQ ID NO:1 comprise the leader peptide, amino acids 23-82 of SEQ ID NO:1 comprise SCR1, amino acids 91-146 of SEQ ID NO:1 comprise SCR2, amino acids 154-210 of SEQ ID NO:1 comprise SCR3, amino acids 215-271 of SEQ ID NO:1 comprise SCR4. The active site (C3d binding site) is located in SCR1-2 (the first two N-terminal SCR domains) (SEQ ID NO:2). These SCR domains are separated by short sequences of variable length that serve as spacers. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that the CR2 or a fragment thereof described herein encompasses all species and strain variations.

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a polypeptide that contains some or all of the ligand binding sites of the CR2 protein, and includes, but is not limited to, full-length CR2 proteins (such as human CR2 as shown in SEQ ID NO:1), soluble CR2 proteins (such as a CR2 fragment comprising the extracellular domain of CR2), other biologically active fragments of CR2, a CR2 fragment comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2), or any homolog of a naturally occurring CR2 or fragment thereof, as described in detail below. In some embodiments, the CR2 portion has at least one of the following properties or CR2: (1) the ability to bind to C3d, (2) the ability to bind to iC3b, (3) the ability to bind to C3dg, (4) the ability to bind to C3d, and (5) the ability to bind to one or more cell-bound fragments of C3b that bind to the two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2.

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2). In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises the first three N-terminal SCR domains of CR2. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises (and in some embodiments consists of or consists essentially of) at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2, including for example at least any of the first 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 SCR domains of CR2.

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a homolog of a CR2 protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a CR2 protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring CR2 (or CR2 fragment) in that at least one or a few amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retains the ability to bind one or more naturally-occurring CR2 ligands. In certain embodiments, a CR2 homolog has an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring CR2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring CR2 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1). A CR2 homolog or a fragment thereof preferably retains the ability to bind to a naturally occurring ligand of CR2 (e.g., C3d or other C3 fragments with CR2-binding ability). For example, the CR2 homolog (or fragment thereof) may have a binding affinity for C3d that is at least about 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of that of CR2 (or a fragment thereof).

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of a human CR2, such as a CR2 portion having an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acids 23 through 146 of the human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1). In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first two SCR domains of human CR2 having an amino acid sequence that is at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical to amino acids 23-146 of the human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1).

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of a human CR2, such as a CR2 portion having an amino acid sequence containing at least amino acids 23 through 271 of the human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1). In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first four SCR domains of human CR2 having an amino acid sequence that is at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical to amino acids 23-271 of the human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1).

An amino acid sequence that is at least about, for example, 95% identical to a reference sequence (such as SEQ ID NO:1) is identical to the reference sequence except that the amino acid sequence may include up to five point alterations per each 100 amino acids of the reference sequence. These up to five point alterations may be deletions, substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions), additions, and may occur anywhere in the sequence, interspersed either individually among amino acids in the reference sequence or in one or more continuous groups within the reference sequence.

In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises part or all of the ligand binding sites of the CR2 protein. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion further comprises sequences required to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the binding site. Ligand binding sites of CR2 can be readily determined based on the crystal structures of CR2, such as the human and mouse CR2 crystal structures disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0005538. For example, in certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises the B strand and B-C loop of SCR2 of CR2. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a site on strand B and the B-C loop of CR2 SCR comprising the segment G98-G99-Y100-K101-I102-R103-G104-S105-T106-P107-Y108 with respect to SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a site on the B strand of CR2 SCR2 comprising position K119 with respect to SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a segment comprising V149-F150-P151-L152, with respect to SEQ ID NO:1. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a segment of CR2 SCR2 comprising T120-N121-F122. In certain embodiments, the CR2-FH molecule has two or more of these sites. For example, in certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises a portion comprising G98-G99-Y100-K101-I102-R103-G104-5105-T106-P107-Y108 and K119 with respect to SEQ ID NO:1. Other combinations of these sites are also contemplated.

In certain embodiments, the targeting portion comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion. In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

As used herein, the term “membrane cofactor protein,” “MCP,” or “CD46” refers to a widely distributed C3b/C4b-binding cell surface glycoprotein which inhibits complement activation on host cells and serves as a cofactor for the factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b, including homologs thereof. T. J. Oglesby et al., J. Exp. Med. (1992) 175:1547-1551. MCP belongs to a family known as the regulators of complement activation (“RCA”). Family members share certain structural features, comprising varying numbers of short consensus repeat (SCR) domains, which are typically between 60 and 70 amino acids in length. MCP comprises four SCRs, a serine/threonine/proline-enriched region, an area of undefined function, a transmembrane hydrophobic domain, a cytoplasmic anchor and a cytoplasmic tail. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that human MCP or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations.

SEQ ID NO:12 represents the full-length human MCP amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P15529). Amino acids 1-34 correspond to the signal peptide, amino acids 35-343 correspond to the extracellular domain, amino acids 344-366 correspond to the transmembrane domain, and amino acids 367-392 correspond to the cytoplasmic domain. In the extracellular domain, amino acids 35-96 correspond to SCR 1, amino acids 97-159 correspond to SCR 2, amino acids 160-225 correspond to SCR 3, amino acids 226-285 correspond to SCR 4, and amino acids 302-326 correspond to the serine/threonine-rich domain. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that MCP or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations. As used herein, the term “biologically active” fragment of MCP refers to any soluble fragment lacking both the cytoplasmic domain and the transmembrane domain, including fragments comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of 1, 2, 3, or 4 SCR domains, with or without the serine/threonine-rich domain, having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length human MCP protein. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human MCP (amino acids 35-392 of SEQ ID NO:12), the extracellular domain of human MCP (amino acids 35-343 of SEQ ID NO:12), or SCRs 1-4 of human MCP (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:12).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a CR2 portion and an MCP portion. The CR2 portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the MCP portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion and an MCP portion. The non-CR2 targeting portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the MCP portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human MCP protein (amino acids 35-392 of SEQ ID NO:12). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising the extracellular domain of human MCP (amino acids 35-343 of SEQ ID NO:12). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to SCRs 1-4 of human MCP (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:12).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human MCP protein (amino acids 35-392 of SEQ ID NO:12). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising the extracellular domain of human MCP (amino acids 35-343 of SEQ ID NO:12). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising SCRs 1-4 of human MCP (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:12).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human MCP protein (amino acids 35-392 of SEQ ID NO:12), to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising the extracellular domain of human MCP (amino acids 35-343 of SEQ ID NO:12), or to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising SCRs 1-4 of human MCP (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:12).

In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises a homolog of a human MCP protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human MCP protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human MCP (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol). For example, a human MCP homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human MCP (e.g., SEQ ID NO:12), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human MCP (e.g., SEQ ID NO:12). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human MCP (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the alternative complement pathway inhibitory activity of human MCP (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human MCP (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibitory activity of human MCP (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

As used herein, the term “decay accelerating factor,” “DAF,” or “CD55” refers to a seventy kilodalton (“kD”) membrane glycoprotein comprising four short consensus repeat (SCR) domains followed by a heavily O-glycosylated serine/threonine-rich domain at the C-terminus that elevates the molecule from the membrane surface, including homologs thereof. DAF is anchored into the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (“GPI”) anchor. DAF protects the cell surface from complement activation by dissociating membrane-bound C3 convertases that are required to cleave complement protein C3 and to amplify the alternative complement cascade.

SEQ ID NO:13 represents the full-length human DAF amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P08173); SEQ ID NO:14 represents the full-length mouse DAF amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. Q61475). In the human DAF sequence, amino acids 1-34 correspond to the signal peptide, amino acids 35-353 appear in the mature protein, and amino acids 354-381 are removed from the polypeptide after translation. Within the mature protein, amino acids 35-96 correspond to SCR 1, amino acids 96-160 correspond to SCR 2, amino acids 161-222 correspond to SCR 3, amino acids 223-285 correspond to SCR 4, and amino acids 287-353 correspond to the O-glycosylated serine/threonine-rich domain. The GPI anchor is attached to human DAF at a serine at position 353. In the mouse DAF sequence, amino acids 1-34 correspond to the signal peptide, amino acids 35-362 appear in the mature protein, and amino acids 363-390 are removed from the polypeptide after translation. Within the mature protein, amino acids 35-96 correspond to SCR 1, amino acids 97-160 correspond to SCR 2, amino acids 161-222 correspond to SCR 3, amino acids 223-286 correspond to SCR 4, and amino acids 288-362 correspond to the O-glycosylated serine/threonine-rich domain. The GPI anchor is attached to mouse DAF at a serine at position 362. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that DAF or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations. As used herein, the term “biologically active” fragment of DAF refers to any fragment of DAF lacking a GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-353), including any fragments of the full-length DAF protein comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of 1, 2, 3, or 4 SCR domains, with or without the O-glycosylated serine/threonine-rich domain, having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length DAF protein.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a CR2 portion and a DAF portion. The CR2 portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the DAF portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion and a DAF portion. The non-CR2 targeting portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the DAF portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (SEQ ID NO:13). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length mouse decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (SEQ ID NO:14). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising the mature human DAF protein (amino acids 35-353 of SEQ ID NO:13) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-353). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising the mature mouse DAF protein (amino acids 35-362 of SEQ ID NO:14) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-362). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length human DAF (amino acids 35 to 285 of SEQ ID NO:13). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length mouse DAF (amino acids 35-286 of SEQ ID NO:14).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (SEQ ID NO:13). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length mouse decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (SEQ ID NO:14). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising the mature human DAF protein (amino acids 35-353 of SEQ ID NO:13) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-353). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising the mature mouse DAF protein (amino acids 35-362 of SEQ ID NO:14) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-362). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length human DAF (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:13). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length mouse DAF (amino acids 35-286 of SEQ ID NO:14).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (SEQ ID NO:13), to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising the mature human DAF protein (amino acids 35-353 of SEQ ID NO:13) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-353), or to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length human DAF (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:13).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length mouse decay-accelerating factor (DAF) (SEQ ID NO:14), to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising the mature mouse DAF protein (amino acids 35-362 of SEQ ID NO:14) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-362), or to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length mouse DAF (amino acids 35-286 of SEQ ID NO:14).

In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises a homolog of a human or mouse DAF protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human or mouse DAF protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human or mouse DAF (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol). For example, a human or mouse DAF homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse DAF (e.g., SEQ ID NO:13 or SEQ ID NO:14), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse DAF (e.g., SEQ ID NO:13 or SEQ ID NO:14). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human or mouse DAF (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the complement inhibitory activity of human or mouse DAF (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human or mouse DAF (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibitory activity of human or mouse DAF (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

As used herein, the term “CD59” refers to a membrane-bound 128 amino acid glycoprotein that potently inhibits the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement, including homologs thereof. CD59 acts by binding to the C8 and/or C9 components of the MAC during assembly, ultimately preventing incorporation of the multiple copies of C9 required for complete formation of the osmolytic pore at the heart of the MAC. CD59 is both N- and O-glycosylated. The N-glycosylation comprises primarily of bi- or tri-antennary structures with and without lactosamine and outer arm fucose residues, with variable sialylation present at some sites. Like DAF, CD59 is anchored in the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (“GPI”) anchor, which is attached to an asparagine at amino acid 102.

SEQ ID NO:3 represents the full-length human CD59 amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P13987); SEQ ID NO:8 represents the full-length mouse CD59 sequence, isoform A (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. O55186); SEQ ID NO:9 represents the full-length mouse CD59 sequence, isoform B (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P58019). In the human CD59 sequence, amino acids 1-25 of SEQ ID NO:3 correspond to the leader peptide, amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3 correspond to the mature protein, and amino acids 103-128 of SEQ ID NO:3 are removed after translation. The GPI anchor is attached to CD59 at an asparagine at position 102 of SEQ ID NO:3. In isoform A of the mouse CD59 sequence, amino acids 1-23 of SEQ ID NO:8 correspond to the leader peptide, amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8 correspond to the mature protein, and amino acids 97-123 of SEQ ID NO:8 are removed after translation. The GPI anchor is attached to CD59 at a serine at position 96 of SEQ ID NO:8. In isoform B of the mouse CD59 sequence, amino acids 1-23 of SEQ ID NO:9 correspond to the leader peptide, amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9 correspond to the mature protein, and amino acids 105-129 of SEQ ID NO:9 are removed after translation. The GPI anchor is attached to CD59 at an asparagine at position 104 of SEQ ID NO:9. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that CD59 or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations. As used herein, the term “biologically active” fragment of human CD59 refers to any fragment of human CD59 lacking a GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), including any fragments of the full-length human CD59 protein having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length CD59 protein; and the term “biologically active” fragment of mouse CD59 refers to any fragment of mouse CD59 isoform A or isoform B lacking a GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96 of isoform A, or Asp-104 of isoform B), including any fragments of either full-length mouse CD59 protein isoform having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length CD59 protein

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a CR2 portion and a CD59 portion. The CR2 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d) present at those sites, while the CD59 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits activity of the terminal complement pathway and assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion and a CD59 portion. The non-CR2 targeting portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the CD59 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and assembly of the MAC.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform A comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform B comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform A comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform B comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), to a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or to a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), to a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform A comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or to a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform B comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises a homolog of a human or mouse CD59 protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human or mouse CD59 protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human or mouse CD59 (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retain the ability to inhibit terminal complement (i.e., formation of the MAC). For example, a human or mouse CD59 homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse CD59 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:9), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse CD59 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:8, or SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human or mouse CD59 (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the alternative complement pathway inhibitory activity of human or mouse CD59 (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human or mouse CD59 (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibition activity of human or mouse CD59 (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

As used herein, the term “mouse complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y” or “Crry” refers to a membrane-bound mouse glycoprotein that regulates complement activation, including homologs thereof. Crry regulates complement activation by serving as a cofactor for complement factor I, a serine protease which cleaves C3b and C4b deposited on host tissue. Crry also acts as a decay-accelerating factor, preventing the formation of C4b2a and C3bBb, the amplification convertases of the complement cascade.

SEQ ID NO:4 represents the full-length mouse Crry protein amino acid sequence. Amino acids 1-40 correspond to the leader peptide, amino acids 41-483 of SEQ ID NO:4 correspond to the mature protein, comprising amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to the extracellular domain, amino acids 406-426 of SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to the transmembrane domain, and amino acids 427-483 of SEQ ID NO:4, corresponding to the cytoplasmic domain. In the extracellular domain, amino acids 83-143 of SEQ ID NO:4 correspond to SCR 1, amino acids 144-205 of SEQ ID NO:4 correspond to SCR2, amino acids 206-276 of SEQ ID NO:4 correspond to SCR3, amino acids 277-338 of SEQ ID NO:4 correspond to SCR4, and amino acids 339-400 of SEQ ID NO:4 correspond to SCRS. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that mouse Crry protein or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations. As used herein, the term “biologically active” fragment of mouse Crry protein refers to refers to any soluble fragment of mouse Crry lacking the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain, including fragments comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 SCR domains, including any fragments of the full-length mouse Crry protein having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length Crry protein.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a CR2 portion and a mouse Crry portion. The CR2 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (e.g., iC3d, C3dg, and C3d) present at those sites, while the mouse Crry portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion and a mouse Crry portion. The non-CR2 targeting portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the Crry portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length mouse Crry (SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length mouse Crry protein (SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length mouse Crry protein (SEQ ID NO:4), to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4), to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4), or to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4).

In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises a homolog of a mouse Crry protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a mouse Crry protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring mouse Crry protein (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retain the ability to inhibit complement. For example, a mouse Crry protein homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring mouse Crry protein (e.g., SEQ ID NO:4), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring mouse Crry protein (e.g., SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, a homolog of mouse Crry protein (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the alternative complement pathway inhibitory activity of mouse Crry protein (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of mouse Crry protein (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibition activity of mouse Crry protein (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

As used herein, the term “complement receptor 1,” “CR1,” or “CD35” refers to a human gene encoding a protein of 2039 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 220 kilodaltons (“kD”), including homologs thereof. The gene is expressed principally on erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and B cells, but is also present on some T lymphocytes, mast cells, and glomerular podocytes. CR1 protein is typically expressed at between 100 and 1000 copies per cell. The full-length CR1 protein comprises a 42 amino acid signal peptide, an extracellular domain of 1930 amino acids, a 25 amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 43 amino acid C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. The extracellular domain of CR1 has 25 potential N-glycosylation signal sequences, and comprises 30 short consensus (“SCR”) domains, also known as complement control protein (CCP) repeats, or sushi domains, each 60 to 70 amino acids long. The sequence homology between SCRs ranges between 60-99 percent. The 30 SCR domains are further grouped into four longer regions termed long homologous repeats (“LHRs”), each encoding approximately 45 kD segments of the CR1 protein, designated LHR-A, -B, -C, and -D. The first three comprise seven SCR domains each, while LHR-D comprises 9 SCR domains. The active sites on the extracellular domain of CR1 protein include a C4b-binding site with lower affinity for C3b in SCRs 1-4 comprising amino acids 42-295, a C3b-binding site with lower affinity for C4b in SCRs 8-11 comprising amino acids 490-745, a C3b-binding site with lower affinity for C4b in SCRs 15-18 comprising amino acids 940-1196, and a C1q-binding site in SCRs 22-28 comprising amino acids 1394-1842.

SEQ ID NO:11 represents the full-length human CR1 amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P17927). Amino acids 1-41 correspond to the signal peptide, amino acids 42-2039 correspond to the mature protein, comprising amino acids 42-1971, corresponding to the extracellular domain, amino acids 1972-1996, corresponding to the transmembrane domain, and amino acids 1997-2039, corresponding to the cytoplasmic domain. In the extracellular domain, amino acids 42-101 correspond to SCR 1, 102-163 correspond to SCR2, amino acids 164-234 correspond to SCR3, amino acids 236-295 correspond to SCR4, amino acids 295-355 correspond to SCRS, amino acids 356-418 correspond to SCR6, amino acids 419-489 correspond to SCR7, amino acids 491-551 correspond to SCR8, amino acids 552-613 correspond to SCR9, amino acids 614-684 correspond to SCR10, amino acids 686-745 correspond to SCR11, amino acids 745-805 correspond to SCR12, amino acids 806-868 correspond to SCR13, amino acids 869-939 correspond to SCR14, amino acids 941-1001 correspond to SCR15, amino acids 1002-1063 correspond to SCR16, amino acids 1064-1134 correspond to SCR17, amino acids 1136-1195 correspond to SCR18, amino acids 1195-1255 correspond to SCR 19, amino acids 1256-1318 correspond to SCR 20, amino acids 1319-1389 correspond to SCR 21, amino acids 1394-1454 correspond to SCR 22, amino acids 1455-1516 correspond to SCR 23, amino acids 1517-1587 correspond to SCR 24, amino acids 1589-1648 correspond to SCR 25, amino acids 1648-1708 correspond to SCR 26, amino acids 1709-1771 correspond to SCR 27, amino acids 1772-1842 correspond to SCR 28, amino acids 1846-1906 correspond to SCR 29, amino acids 1907-1967 correspond to SCR 30. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that CR1 protein or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations. As used herein, the term “biologically active” fragment of CR1 protein refers to refers to any soluble fragment of CR1 lacking the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic domain, including fragments comprising, consisting essentially of or consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 SCR domains, including any fragments of the full-length CR1 protein having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length CR1 protein.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a CR2 portion and a CR1 portion. The CR2 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (e.g., iC3d, C3dg, and C3d) present at those sites, while the CR1 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion and a CR1 portion. The non-CR2 targeting portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the CR1 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human CR1 (SEQ ID NO:11). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising the complete extracellular domain of human CR1 (SCRs 1-30) (amino acids 42-1971 of SEQ ID NO:11). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-4 (amino acids 42-295 of SEQ ID NO:11). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-11 (amino acids 42-745 of SEQ ID NO:11). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-18 (amino acids 42-1195 of SEQ ID NO:11).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human CR1 (SEQ ID NO:11), to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising the complete extracellular domain of human CR1 (SCRs 1-30) (amino acids 42-1971 of SEQ ID NO:11), to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-4 (amino acids 42-295 of SEQ ID NO:11), to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-11 (amino acids 42-745 of SEQ ID NO:11), or to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-18 (amino acids 42-1195 of SEQ ID NO:11).

In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises a homolog of a human CR1 protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human CR1 protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human CR1 (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol). For example, a human CR1 homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human CR1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:11), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human CR1 (e.g., SEQ ID NO:11). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human CR1 (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the alternative complement pathway inhibitory activity of human CR1 (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human CR1 (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibition activity of human CR1 (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

As used herein, the term “complement factor H,” “factor H,” or “FH” refers to complement factor H, a single polypeptide chain plasma glycoprotein, including homologs thereof. The protein is composed of 20 conserved short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of approximately 60 amino acids, arranged in a continuous fashion like a string of beads, separated by short linker sequences of 2-6 amino acids each. Factor H binds to C3b, accelerates the decay of the alternative pathway C3-convertase (C3bBb), and acts as a cofactor for the proteolytic inactivation of C3b. In the presence of factor H, C3b proteolysis results in the cleavage of C3b. Factor H has at least three distinct binding domains for C3b, which are located within SCRs 1-4, SCRs 5-8, and SCRs 19-20. Each site of factor H binds to a distinct region within the C3b protein: the N-terminal sites bind to native C3b; the second site, located in the middle region of factor H, binds to the C3c fragment and the site located within SCR19 and 20 binds to the C3d region. In addition, factor H also contains binding sites for heparin, which are located within SCR 7, SCRs 5-12, and SCR 20 of factor H and overlap with those of the C3b binding sites. Structural and functional analyses have shown that the domains for the complement inhibitory activity of factor H are located within the first four N-terminal SCR domains.

SEQ ID NO:5 represents the full-length human factor H amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P08603); SEQ ID NO:10 represents the full-length mouse factor H amino acid sequence (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P06909). In the human factor H sequence, amino acids 1-18 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to the signal peptide, and amino acids 19-1231 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to the mature protein. Within that protein, amino acids 21-80 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to SCR 1, amino acids 85-141 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to SCR 2, amino acids 146-205 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to SCR 3, amino acids 210-262 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to SCR 4, and amino acids 267-320 of SEQ ID NO:5 correspond to SCR 5. In the mouse factor H sequence, amino acids 1-18 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to the signal peptide, and amino acids 19-1234 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to the mature protein. Within that protein, amino acids 19-82 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to SCR 1, amino acids 83-143 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to SCR 2, amino acids 144-207 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to SCR 3, amino acids 208-264 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to SCR 4, and amino acids 265-322 of SEQ ID NO:10 correspond to SCR 5. It is understood that species and strain variations exist for the disclosed peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, and that factor H or biologically active fragments thereof encompasses all species and strain variations.

As used herein, the term “biologically active” fragment of factor H refers to any portion of a factor H protein having some or all the complement inhibitory activity of the full-length factor H protein, and includes, but is not limited to, factor H fragments comprising SCRs 1-4, SCRs 1-8, SCRs 1-18, SCRs 19-20, or any homolog of a naturally-occurring factor H or fragment thereof, as described in detail below. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of factor H has one or more of the following properties: (1) binding to C-reactive protein (CRP), (2) binding to C3b, (3) binding to heparin, (4) binding to sialic acid, (5) binding to endothelial cell surfaces, (6) binding to cellular integrin receptor, (7) binding to pathogens, (8) C3b co-factor activity, (9) C3b decay-acceleration activity, and (10) inhibiting the alternative complement pathway.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion of the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human (SEQ ID NO:5) or mouse (SEQ ID NO:10) factor H. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion of the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises the first four N-terminal SCR domains of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises the first five N-terminal SCR domains of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises the first six N-terminal SCR domains of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises SCRs 1-4 of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises SCRs 1-5 of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises SCRs 1-8 of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises SCRs 1-18 of factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of human or mouse factor H comprises (and in certain embodiments consists of or consists essentially of) at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of factor H, including for example, at least any of the first 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or more N-terminal SCR domains of factor H.

In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of factor H is derived from a wild-type factor H. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of factor H is derived from a naturally-occurring protective variant of factor H.

In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of factor H lacks a heparin binding site. This can be achieved, for example, by mutation of the heparin binding site on a biologically active fragment of factor H, or by selecting biologically active factor H fragments that do not contain a heparin binding site. In certain embodiments, the biologically active fragment of factor H has a polymorphism that is protective to age-related macular degeneration. Hageman et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 102(20):7227.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a CR2 portion and a human or mouse factor H portion. The CR2 portion of the targeted complement inhibitor delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d) present at those sites, while the human or mouse factor H portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits activity of the alternative complement pathway. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion and a human or mouse factor H portion. The non-CR2 targeting portion of the fusion protein delivers the composition to sites of IRI and/or regeneration (e.g., hepatic sites) by selectively binding to CR2 ligands (i.e., proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d)) present at those sites, while the human or mouse factor H portion of the targeted complement inhibitor inhibits complement activity.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human factor H (SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-262 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-320 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-386 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-507 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-1104 of SEQ ID NO:5).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length mouse factor H (SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-264 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-322 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-386 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-624 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-1109 of SEQ ID NO:10).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human factor H (SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-262 of SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-320 of SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-386 of SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-507 of SEQ ID NO:5), or to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-1104 of SEQ ID NO:5).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length mouse factor H (SEQ ID NO:10), to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-264 of SEQ ID NO:10), to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-322 of SEQ ID NO:10), to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-386 of SEQ ID NO:10), to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-624 of SEQ ID NO:10), or to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-1109 of SEQ ID NO:10).

In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises a homolog of a human or mouse factor H protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human of mouse factor H protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human or mouse factor H (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retains the ability to inhibit the alternative complement pathway. For example, a human or mouse factor H homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse factor H (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:10), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse factor H (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human or mouse factor H (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the alternative complement pathway inhibitory activity of human or mouse factor H (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human or mouse factor H (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibitory activity of human or mouse factor H (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

In any of the embodiments described herein, the fusion protein comprising a CR2 portion or a biologically active fragment thereof and a complement inhibitor portion comprising human CD59, mouse CD59 isoform A, mouse CD59 isoform B, mouse Crry protein, human factor H, mouse factor H, human CR1, human MCP, human DAF or mouse DAF or a biologically active fragment thereof also includes an amino acid linker sequence linking the CR2 portion and the complement inhibitor portion (e.g., human CD59, mouse CD59 isoform A, mouse CD59 isoform B, mouse Crry protein, human factor H, mouse factor H, human CR1, human MCP, human DAF or mouse DAF or a biologically active fragment thereof). Examples of linker sequences are known in the art, and include, for example, (Gly₄Ser), (Gly₄Ser)₂, (Gly₄Ser)₃, (Gly₃Ser)₄, (SerGly₄), (SerGly₄)₂, (SerGly₄)₃, and (SerGly₄)₄. Linking sequences can also comprise “natural” linking sequences found between different domains of complement factors. For example, VSVFPLE, the linking sequence between the first two N-terminal short consensus repeat domains of human CR2, can be used. In some embodiments, the linking sequence between the fourth and the fifth N-terminal short consensus repeat domains of human CR2 (EEIF) is used.

Non-Targeted Complement Inhibitors

In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise non-targeted complement inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitors inhibit the classical complement pathway and the alternative complement pathway. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor that inhibits the classical complement pathway and the alternative complement pathway is C1-inhibitor protein or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof.

As used herein, the term “C1-inhibitor” or “C1 esterase inhibitor” refers to a serine protease inhibitor (a “serpin protein”) protein of 500 amino acids (human) or 504 amino acids (mouse) that inhibits formation of the classical pathway C3 convertase (C4b2a). C1-inhibitor circulates in blood at levels of around 0.25 g/L, rising to roughly twice that level during inflammation. C1-inhibitor irreversibly binds to and inactivates C1r and C1s proteinases in the C1 complex of classical pathway of complement, and also inactivates MASP-1 and MASP-2 proteinases of the lectin pathway. Thus, C1-inhibitor prevents the proteolytic cleavage of later complement components C4 and C2 by C1 and mannose-binding lectin. See, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P05155 (human C1-inhibitor protein; SEQ ID NO:19) or UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P97290 (mouse C1-inhibitor protein; SEQ ID NO:20).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse C1-inhibitor protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human or mouse C1-inhibitor protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human or mouse C1-inhibitor (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retains the ability to inhibit the formation of the classical pathway C3 convertase (C4bC2a). For example, a human or mouse C1-inhibitor homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse clusterin (e.g., SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:20), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse C1-inhibitor (e.g., SEQ ID NO:19 or SEQ ID NO:20). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human or mouse C1-inhibitor (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the classical complement pathway inhibitory activity of human or mouse C1-inhibitor (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human or mouse C1-inhibitor (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibitory activity of human or mouse C1-inhibitor (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor that inhibits the classical complement pathway and the alternative complement pathway is an anti-C3 antibody. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof selectively binds to complement protein C3 and prevents cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b.

As used herein, the term “C3” or “complement protein C3” refers to a component of all three complement pathways that C3 plays a central role in the activation of the complement system. Cleavage of C3 by the classical (C4bC2a) or alternative pathway (C3bBb) convertase is the central reaction in both classical and alternative complement pathways. Cleavage of C3 produces the active fragment C3b, which binds covalently to cell surface carbohydrates or immune aggregates via its reactive thioester. See, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P01024 (human) and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P01027 (mouse).

In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitors specifically inhibit the alternative complement pathway. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor that specifically inhibits the alternative complement pathway comprises an anti-factor B antibody. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof selectively binds to factor B within the third short consensus repeat (SCR) domain and prevents formation of a C3bBb complex, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/057,047, which is incorporated herein by reference, particularly with respect to its description of anti-factor B antibodies. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody selectively binds to factor B within the third short consensus repeat (SCR) domain and prevents or inhibits cleavage of factor B by factor D. In another aspect, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds to the third short consensus repeat (SCR) domain of human factor B. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof selectively binds to factor B from multiple mammalian species (e.g., human and an animal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate, mouse, rat, pig, horse and rabbit).

As used herein, the term “factor B” or “FB” refers to a protein component of the alternative complement pathway that factor D cleaves into 2 fragments: Ba and Bb. Bb, a serine protease, then combines with complement protein C3 cleavage product C3b to generate the C3 or C5 convertases. See, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P00751 (human) and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P04186 (mouse).

In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is the monoclonal antibody 1379 (produced by ATCC Deposit No. PTA-6230).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor that specifically inhibits the alternative complement pathway comprises an anti-properdin antibody that selectively binds to properdin, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,423,128, which is incorporated herein by reference, particularly with respect to its description relating to anti-properdin antibodies. As used herein, the term “properdin” or “complement factor P” refers to a component of the alternative complement pathway that complexes with C3b, a proteolytic fragment of complement protein C3, to stabilize the alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3bBb), allowing it to generate still more C3, thereby amplifying the alternative complement cascade. See, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P27918 (human properdin) and Accession No. P11680 (mouse properdin).

In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody inhibits the production of one or more of Bb, C3a, and C5a. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor that specifically inhibits the alternative complement pathway comprises an anti-factor D antibody that selectively binds to factor D. As used herein, the term “factor D” refers to a serum protease that cleaves factor B when factor B is bound to factor C3b, activating the alternative pathway convertase (C3bBb). See, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P00746 (human factor D) and Accession No. P03953 (mouse factor D). Factor D performs the same function in the alternative complement pathway as does C1s in the classical complement pathway.

In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody inhibits the production of one or more of Bb, C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 166-32 (produced by ATCC Deposit Accession_Number HB-12476).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitors inhibit terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that inhibits activation of terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits cleavage of complement protein C5 (C5). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is monoclonal. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is chimeric. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is humanized. In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is eculizumab or pexelizumab.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is the heterodimeric apolipoprotein clusterin. In certain embodiments, the clusterin inhibits terminal complement and assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the clusterin inhibits complement protein C9 assembly on C5b-8 and C5b-9 or binds to C5b-7 to prevent membrane attachment.

As used herein, the term “clusterin” refers to an 80 kiloDalton (kD) heterdimeric apolipoprotein (e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Accession No. P10909 (SEQ ID NO:15) or UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Accession No. Q06890) (SEQ ID NO:16). Human clusterin is produced as a protein of 449 amino acids, of which amino acids 1-22 constitute the signal peptide, and amino acids 23-449 constitute the mature peptide, which undergoes further processing via proteolytic cleavage between amino acids 227 and 228 to produce the clusterin alpha chain (amino acids 228-449 of SEQ ID NO:15) and the clusterin beta chain (amino acids 23-227 of SEQ ID NO:15). Mouse clusterin is produced as a protein of 448 amino acids, of which amino acids 1-21 constitute the signal peptide, and amino acids 22-448 constitute the mature peptide, which undergoes further processing via proteolytic cleavage between amino acids 226 and 227 to produce the clusterin alpha chain (amino acids 227-447 of SEQ ID NO:16) and the clusterin beta chain (amino acids 22-226 of SEQ ID NO:16).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse clusterin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human or mouse clusterin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human or mouse clusterin (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retains the ability to inhibit the terminal complement pathway and assembly of the MAC. For example, a human or mouse clusterin homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse clusterin (e.g., SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:16), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse clusterin (e.g., SEQ ID NO:15 or SEQ ID NO:16). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human or mouse clusterin (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the terminal complement pathway inhibitory activity of human or mouse clusterin (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human or mouse clusterin (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibitory activity of human or mouse clusterin (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is the protein vitronectin or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the vitronectin inhibits terminal complement and assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the vitronectin blocks C5b-7 membrane binding and prevents C9 polymerization.

As used herein, the term “vitronectin” refers to a 75 kDa protein (e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P04004 (SEQ ID NO:17); or UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. P29788 (SEQ ID NO:18). Human vitronectin is produced as a protein of 478 amino acids, of which amino acids 1-19 comprise the signal peptide and amino acids 20-478 comprise the mature protein. The mature human protein occurs in a monomeric form as a 75 kDa protein, and as a heterodimeric form resulting from proteolytic processing between amino acids 398 and 399, producing a 65 kDa subunit (amino acids 20-398 of SEQ ID NO:17) and a 10 kDa subunit (amino acids 399-478 of SEQ ID NO:17) held together by disulfide bonds. Mouse vitronectin is also produced as a protein of 478 amino acids, of which amino acids 1-19 comprise the signal peptide and amino acids 20-478 comprise the mature protein. Unlike human vitronectin, however, the mature mouse protein generally occurs in a monomeric form as a 75 kDa protein, comprising amino acids 20-478 of SEQ ID NO:18.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse vitronectin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof. A homolog of a human or mouse vitronectin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof includes proteins which differ from a naturally occurring human or mouse clusterin (or biologically active fragment thereof) in that at least one or a few, but not limited to one or a few, amino acids have been deleted (e.g., a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide or fragment), inserted, inverted, substituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, myristoylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol), but that retains the ability to inhibit the terminal complement pathway and assembly of the MAC. For example, a human or mouse vitronectin homolog may have an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse vitronectin (e.g., SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18), for example at least about any of 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of a naturally occurring human or mouse vitronectin (e.g., SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:18). In certain embodiments, a homolog of human or mouse vitronectin (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains all the terminal complement pathway inhibitory activity of human or mouse vitronectin (or a biologically active fragment thereof). In certain embodiments, the homolog of human or mouse vitronectin (or a biologically active fragment thereof) retains at least about 50%, for example, at least about any of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the complement inhibitory activity of human or mouse vitronectin (or a biologically active fragment thereof).

Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP/C3adesArg) and ASP/C3adesArg Receptor (C5L2) Antagonists

As used herein, the terms “acylation stimulating protein,” “ASP,” “C3adesArg,” or “ASP/C3adesArg” refer to an adipose tissue-derived hormone that stimulates adipocyte triglyceride (TG) synthesis and glucose transport. ASP/C3adesArg acts through the receptor C5L2, a G protein-coupled receptor, to stimulate diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity (DGAT), the rate-limiting enzyme in the TG synthesis pathway, and glucose transport. SEQ ID NO:6 represents the amino acid sequence of human ASP/C3adesArg, which lacks the COOH-terminal asparagine present in human C3a, a cleavage product of complement protein C3. The potent anaphylatoxic activity of C3a depends largely on the COOH-terminal asparagine; removal of the asparagine by carboxypeptidase A eliminates that activity.

ASP/C3adesArg is generated through the alternative pathway of complement activation, based on differentiation-dependent expression of adipsin (factor D), complement protein C3, and factor B (FB) in adipose tissue. Baldo, A. D. et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 92:1543-57. The alternative pathway C3 convertase, a proteolytic complex formed by the interaction of C3b, FB, and factor D (adipsin), cleaves complement protein C3 into two fragments, C3a and C3b. C3a is a potent anaphylatoxin interacting with its receptor C3aR. However, in the circulation, the terminal arginine of C3a is rapidly cleaved by carboxypeptidase B, inactivating the anaphylatoxic function and generating ASP/C3adesArg. Both ASP/C3adesArg and C3a interact with the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) to effectively stimulate TG synthesis in cultured adipocytes.

In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist. In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist is selected from the group consisting of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragments that specifically bind to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2). In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2). In certain embodiments, the antibody that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments.

ASP/C3adesArg acts through C5L2, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). As used herein, the term “C5L2,” “ASP receptor,” or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2)” refers to a G-protein coupled receptor that specifically binds ASP/C3adesArg and is expressed in human adipose tissue, liver, brain, spleen, intestine, human skin fibroblasts, and 3T3-L1 cells. Gain-of-function studies in human HEK-293 cells stably transfected with human C5L2 showed that TG synthesis and glucose transport were significantly increased upon ASP/C3adesArg stimulation compared to untransfected cells. Loss-of-function studies showed that cells endogenously expressing C5L2 treated with antisense nucleic acid or small interfering RNA specific for C5L2 had decreased ASP/C3adesArg response. In addition, activation of C5L2 by ASP/C3adesArg-induced beta-arrestin translocation to the plasma membrane and phosphorylation of C5L2. Molecules shown to be involved in C5L2 signaling include phosphatidylinositol 3-kinasse, Akt, and protein kinase C.

SEQ ID NO:7 represents the amino acid sequence of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (see, e.g., UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot. Accession No. Q9P296). The ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) has a complex structure comprising several extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular or cytoplasmic domains. Amino acids 1-38 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the first extracellular domain (ECD1); amino acids 39-61 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the first transmembrane domain (TM1); amino acids 62-72 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the first cytoplasmic domain (CPD1); amino acids 73-95 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the second transmembrane domain (TM2); amino acids 96-114 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the second extracellular domain (ECD2); amino acids 115-137 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the third transmembrane domain (TM3); amino acids 138-149 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the second cytoplasmic domain (CPD2); amino acids 150-172 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the fourth transmembrane domain (TM4); amino acids 173-202 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the third extracellular domain (ECD3); amino acids 203-225 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the fifth transmembrane domain (TM5); amino acids 226-237 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the third cytoplasmic domain (CPD3); amino acids 238-260 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the sixth transmembrane domain (TM6); amino acids 261-274 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the fourth extracellular domain (ECD4); amino acids 275-294 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the seventh transmembrane domain (TM7); and amino acids 295-337 of SEQ ID NO:7 comprise the fourth cytoplasmic domain (CPD4).

In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist is a soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents ASP/C3adesArg from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 96-114 (ECD2) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 173-202 (ECD3) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7).

In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1) and amino acids 96-114 (ECD2) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1) and amino acids 173-202 (ECD3) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1) and amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 96-114 (ECD2) and amino acids 173-202 (ECD3) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 96-114 (ECD2) and amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 173-202 (ECD3) and amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7).

In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1), amino acids 96-114 (ECD2), and amino acids 173-202 (ECD3) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1), amino acids 96-114 (ECD2), amino acids 173-202 (ECD3), and amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 1-38 (ECD1), amino acids 173-202 (ECD3), and amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7). In certain embodiments, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprises amino acids 96-114 (ECD2), amino acids 173-202 (ECD3), and amino acids 261-274 (ECD4) of the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) (SEQ ID NO:7).

In any of the embodiments described herein, the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment further comprises one or more amino acid linker sequences linking the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) portions together. Examples of linker sequences are known in the art, and include, for example, (Gly₄Ser), (Gly₄Ser)₂, (Gly₄Ser)₃, (Gly₃Ser)₄, (SerGly₄), (SerGly₄)₂, (SerGly₄)₃, and (SerGly₄)₄. Linking sequences can also comprise “natural” linking sequences found between different domains of complement factors. For example, VSVFPLE, the linking sequence between the first two N-terminal short consensus repeat domains of human CR2, can be used.

In certain embodiments, the compositions comprise ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonists. In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist is selected from the group consisting of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and prevents ASP/C3adesArg from binding and ASP/C3adesArg or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) but does not activate the receptor. In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist is an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and prevents ASP/C3adesArg from binding. In certain embodiments, the antibody that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and prevents ASP/C3adesArg from binding to the receptor is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment that specifically bind to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist is ASP/C3adesArg or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) but does not activate the receptor.

As used herein, the term “specifically binds to” or “selectively binds to” refers to the specific binding of one protein to another (e.g., an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof to an antigen, or a receptor to a ligand), wherein the level of binding, as measured by any standard assay (e.g., an immunoassay), is statistically significantly higher than the background control for the assay. For example, when performing an immunoassay, controls typically include a reaction well or tube that contains an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof alone (i.e., in the absence of antigen), wherein an amount of reactivity (e.g., non-specific binding to the well) by the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof in the absence of the antigen is considered to be background. Binding can be measured using a variety of methods standard in the art, including, but not limited to: Western blot, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (“ELISA”), radioimmunoassay (“RIA”), immunoprecipitation, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, fluorescent polarization, phosphorescence, immunohistochemical analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (“MALDI-TOF”) mass spectrometry, microcytometry, microarray, microscopy, fluorescence activated cell sorting (“FACS”), and flow cytometry.

As used herein, the term “antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg” refers to an antibody that specifically or selectively binds to ASP/C3adesArg, or a fragment of such an antibody that retains the ability to specifically or selectively bind to ASP/C3adesArg, and preferably prevents it from binding to its cognate receptor, ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2). Similarly, as used herein, the term “antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2)” refers to an antibody that specifically or selectively binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2), or a fragment of such an antibody that retains the ability to specifically or selectively bind to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2), and preferably prevents it from binding to its cognate ligand, ASP/C3adesArg.

Antibodies contain immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and are members of the Ig superfamily of proteins. Generally, an antibody molecule comprises two types of chains: a heavy or H chain, and a light or L chain. The light chain contains a variable domain (V_(L)) and a constant domain (C_(L)), while the heavy chain contains a variable domain (V_(H)) and three constant domains (C_(H)1, C_(H)2, and C_(H)3), with the C_(H)1 and C_(H)2 domains separated by a hinge region. The distinctive characteristics of each isotype are defined by sequences in the constant domain of the immunoglobulin. Each antibody molecule typically contains two H chains and two L chains. The two H chains are linked together by disulfide bonds and each H chain is linked to an L chain by a disulfide bond. There are only two types of L chains referred to as lambda (μ) and kappa (κ) chains. In contrast, there are five major H chain classes, referred to as isotypes. The five classes include IgM (λ), IgD (δ), IgG (λ), IgA (α), and IgE (or ε). Human immunoglobulin molecules comprise nine isotypes: IgM, IgD, IgE, four subclasses of IgG including IgG₁ (γ₁), IgG₂ (γ₂), IgG₃ (γ₃) and IgG₄ (γ₄), and two subclasses of IgA including IgA₁ (α₁) and IgA₂ (α₂).

Together, one H chain and one L chain form an arm of an immunoglobulin molecule having an immunoglobulin variable region. A complete immunoglobulin molecule comprises two di-sulfide linked arms. Thus, each arm of a whole immunoglobulin comprises a V_(H+L) region, and a C_(H+L) region. As used herein, the variable region or V region refers to a V_(H+L) region (also known as an Fv fragment), a V_(L) region, or a V_(H) region of an Ig protein. Also as used herein, the term constant region or C region refers to a C_(H+L) region, a C_(L) region or a C_(H) region.

Limited digestion of an Ig protein with different proteases produces a number of fragments, only some of which retain the capacity to bind antigen. The antigen-binding fragments are referred to as Fab, Fab′, or F(ab′)₂ fragments. A fragment lacking the ability to bind to antigen is referred to as an Fc fragment. An Fab fragment comprises one arm of an immunoglobulin molecule containing an L chain (V_(L)+C_(L) domains) paired with the V_(H) region and the C_(H)1 region. An Fab′ fragment corresponds to an Fab fragment with part of the hinge region attached to the C_(H)1 domain. An F(ab′)₂ fragment corresponds to two Fab′ fragments that are normally covalently linked to each other through a disulfide bond, typically in the hinge region.

The antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof described herein may also be “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species (e.g., human or mouse and the like) or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass (e.g., IgG₁ and the like), while the remainder of the chain(s) is(are) identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-55 (1984). Chimeric antibodies of interest herein may include, for example, those comprising Fc domains from other immunoglobulin subtypes having shorter or longer circulating plasma half lives than the corresponding non-chimeric antibody.

ASP/C3adesArg antibodies, ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antibodies, or fragments of such antibodies described herein may also be humanized antibodies. Humanized antibodies are molecules having an antigen-binding site derived from an immunoglobulin from a non-human species, the remaining immunoglobulin-derived parts of the molecule being derived from a human immunoglobulin, in order to reduce immunogenicity of the protein. The antigen-binding site may comprise either complete variable regions fused onto human constant domains or only the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) grafted onto appropriate human framework regions in the variable domains. Humanized antibodies can be produced, for example, by modeling the antibody variable domains and producing the antibodies using genetic engineering techniques, such as CDR grafting. A description of various techniques for the production of humanized antibodies is found, for example, in Morrison et al., (1984) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-55; Whittle et al., (1987) Prot. Eng. 1:499-505; Co et al., (1990) J. Immunol. 148:1149-1154; Co et al., (1992) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 88:2869-2873; Carter et al., (1992) Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 89:4285-4289; Routledge et al., (1991) Eur. J. Immunol. 21:2717-2725 and PCT Patent Publication Nos. WO 91/09967; WO 91/09968 and WO 92/113831.

Whole antibodies of the present invention can be polyclonal or monoclonal. Alternatively, functional equivalents of whole antibodies, such as antigen-binding fragments in which one or more antibody domains are truncated or absent (e.g., Fv, Fab, Fab′, or F(ab)₂ fragments), as well as genetically-engineered antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, including single chain antibodies, humanized antibodies (discussed above), antibodies that can bind to more than one epitope (e.g., bi-specific antibodies), or antibodies that can bind to one or more different antigens (e.g., bi- or multi-specific antibodies), may also be used as targeting groups.

Methods of producing polyclonal antibodies that specifically or selectively bind to a particular antigen (i.e., ASP/C3adesArg or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2)) are known in the art. Generally, in the production of an antibody, a suitable experimental animal, such as, for example, but not limited to, a rabbit, a sheep, a hamster, a guinea pig, a mouse, a rat, or a chicken, is exposed to an antigen against which an antibody is desired (i.e., ASP/C3adesArg or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2)). Typically, an animal is immunized with an effective amount of antigen that is injected into the animal. An effective amount of antigen refers to an amount needed to induce antibody production by the animal. The animal's immune system is then allowed to respond over a pre-determined period of time. The immunization process can be repeated until the immune system is found to be producing antibodies to the antigen. In order to obtain polyclonal antibodies specific for the antigen, serum is collected from the animal that contains the desired antibodies (or in the case of a chicken, antibody can be collected from the eggs). Such serum is useful as a reagent. Polyclonal antibodies can be further purified from the serum (or eggs) by, for example, treating the serum with ammonium sulfate to precipitate the antibodies.

Methods of producing monoclonal antibodies that specifically or selectively bind to a particular antigen (i.e., ASP/C3adesArg or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2)) are known in the art. For example, monoclonal antibodies may be produced according to the methodology of Kohler and Milstein (Nature (1975) 256:495-497). For example, B lymphocytes are recovered from the spleen (or any suitable tissue) of an immunized animal and then fused with myeloma cells to obtain a population of hybridoma cells capable of continual growth in suitable culture medium. Hybridomas producing the desired antibody are selected by testing the ability of the antibody produced by the hybridoma to bind to the desired antigen, for example in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or other routine method known in the art.

A preferred method to produce antibodies of the present invention includes (a) administering to an animal an effective amount of a protein or peptide (e.g., ASP/C3adesArg protein or peptide, or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) protein or peptide) to produce the antibodies and (b) recovering the antibodies. In another method, antibodies of the present invention are produced recombinantly. For example, once a cell line, for example a hybridoma, expressing an antibody according to the invention has been obtained, it is possible to clone therefrom the cDNA and to identify the variable region genes encoding the desired antibody, including the sequences encoding the CDRs. From there, antibodies and antigen-binding fragments according to the invention may be obtained by preparing one or more replicable expression vectors containing at least the DNA sequence encoding the variable domain of the antibody heavy or light chain and optionally other DNA sequences encoding remaining portions of the heavy and/or light chains as desired, and transforming or transfecting an appropriate host cell, in which production of the antibody will occur. Suitable expression hosts include bacteria, (for example, an E. coli strain), fungi, (in particular yeasts, e.g., members of the genera Pichia, Saccharomyces, or Kluyveromyces) and mammalian cell lines, e.g., a non-producing myeloma cell line, such as a mouse NSO line, or CHO cells. In order to obtain efficient transcription and translation, the DNA sequence in each vector should include appropriate regulatory sequences, particularly a promoter and leader sequence operably-linked to the variable domain sequence. Particular methods for producing antibodies in this way are generally well known and routinely used. For example, basic molecular biology procedures are described by Maniatis et al. (Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989); DNA sequencing can be performed as described in Sanger et al. (Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA (1977) 74:5463) and the Amersham International plc sequencing handbook; and site directed mutagenesis can be carried out according to the method of Kramer et al. (Nucl. Acids Res. (1984) 12:9441) and the Anglian Biotechnology Ltd. handbook. Additionally, there are numerous publications, including patent specifications, describing techniques suitable for the preparation of antibodies by manipulation of DNA, creation of expression vectors and transformation of appropriate cells, for example as reviewed by Mountain, A. and Adair, J. R., in BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING REVIEWS (ed. Tombs, M P, 10, Chapter 1, 1992, Intercept, Andover, UK).

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Doses

Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising any one or more of the targeted complement inhibitors, non-targeted complement inhibitors, ASP/C3adesArg antagonists, or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonists described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the individual is a vertebrate. In certain embodiments, the vertebrate is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a research animal or a domestic animal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for a variety of modes of administration, including, for example, systemic or localized administration. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of injectable solutions and suitable for systemic administration, such as, for example, intravenous administration. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of injectable solutions and suitable for local administration. In any of the embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in a liquid or solid form suitable for oral administration. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions can be packaged in single unit dosages or in multidosage forms.

In clinical terms, a therapeutically effective dosage for administration of any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein, including targeted and non-targeted complement inhibitors, may be determined by titration, starting at a low dose and increasing the dosage while monitoring the patient until indications of the desired complement-dependent proliferative response are observed (such as 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation; increased levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH); increased glutathione peroxidase (GPX1); decreased malondialdehyde (MDA); increased levels of IL-6; and/or decreased levels of TNFa).

If desired, the clinician may further increase the dosage while monitoring the patient to ensure that the complement-dependent proliferative response is maintained, while further monitoring the patient for the appearance of undesired indications of complement-dependent injury (such as increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels; reduced GSH and GPX1; increased MDA; increased liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) content; decreased levels of IL-6; and increased levels of TNFa). When these indications of complement-dependent injury are observed, the clinician may choose to cease increasing the dosage, or even decrease the dosage.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human MCP (amino acids 35-392 of SEQ ID NO:12) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising the extracellular domain of human MCP (amino acids 35-343 of SEQ ID NO:12) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to SCRs 1-4 of human MCP (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:12) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human MCP (amino acids 35-392 of SEQ ID NO:12) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of MCP protein comprising the extracellular domain of human MCP (amino acids 35-343 of SEQ ID NO:12) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to SCRs 1-4 of human MCP (amino acids 35-285 of SEQ ID NO:12) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human DAF (SEQ ID NO:13) or to full-length mouse DAF (SEQ ID NO:14) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human DAF (SEQ ID NO:13) or to full-length mouse DAF (SEQ ID NO:14) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human DAF (SEQ ID NO:13) or to full-length mouse DAF (SEQ ID NO:14) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human DAF (SEQ ID NO:13) or to full-length mouse DAF (SEQ ID NO:14) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising the mature human DAF protein (amino acids 35-353 of SEQ ID NO:13) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-353) or to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising the mature mouse DAF protein (amino acids 35-362 of SEQ ID NO:14) without its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-362) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length human DAF (amino acids 35 to 285 of SEQ ID NO:13) or to a biologically active fragment of mouse DAF comprising short consensus repeat sequences 1-4 (SCRs 1-4) of full-length mouse DAF (amino acids 35 to 286 of SEQ ID NO:14) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), to full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or to full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), to full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or to full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length mouse Crry (SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length mouse Crry protein (SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human factor H (SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-262 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-320 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-386 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-507 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-1104 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human factor H (SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-262 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-320 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-386 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-507 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of factor H (amino acids 21-1104 of SEQ ID NO:5) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human CR1 (SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising the complete extracellular domain of human CR1 (SCRs 1-30) (amino acids 42-1971 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-4 (amino acids 42-295 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-11 (amino acids 42-745 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-18 (amino acids 42-1195 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human CR1 (SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising the complete extracellular domain of human CR1 (SCRs 1-30) (amino acids 42-1971 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-4 (amino acids 42-295 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-11 (amino acids 42-745 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a targeted complement inhibitor comprising a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of full-length human CR1 comprising SCRs 1-18 (amino acids 42-1195 of SEQ ID NO:11) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the targeted complement inhibitors comprise a non-CR2 targeting portion. In any of the embodiments described herein, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human C1-inhibitor protein (SEQ ID NO:19) or mouse C1-inhibitor protein (SEQ ID NO:20). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is a homolog of human C1-inhibitor protein or a homolog of mouse C1-inhibitor protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof selectively binds to complement protein C3 and prevents cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof selectively binds to factor B within the third short consensus repeat (SCR) domain and prevents formation of a C3bBb complex. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is the monoclonal antibody 1379 (produced by ATCC Deposit No. PTA-6230).

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody inhibits the production of one or more of Bb, C3a, and C5a. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody inhibits the production of one or more of Bb, C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 166-32 (produced by ATCC Deposit Accession_Number HB-12476).

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that inhibits activation of terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits cleavage of complement protein C5 (C5). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is monoclonal. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is chimeric. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is humanized. In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is eculizumab or pexelizumab.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is the heterodimeric apolipoprotein clusterin. In certain embodiments, the clusterin inhibits complement protein C9 assembly on C5b-8 and C5b-9 or binds to C5b-7 to prevent membrane attachment. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:15) or mouse clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:16). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse clusterin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a non-targeted complement inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is the protein vitronectin or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the vitronectin blocks C5b-7 membrane binding and prevents C9 polymerization. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:17) or mouse vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:18). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse vitronectin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual is a vertebrate. In any of the embodiments described herein, the vertebrate is a mammal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a research animal or a domestic animal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a human. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for a variety of modes of administration, including, for example, systemic or localized administration. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of injectable solutions and suitable for systemic administration such as, for example, intravenous administration. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of injectable solutions and suitable for local administration. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are in a liquid or solid form suitable for oral administration. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions can be packaged in single unit dosages or in multidosage forms.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist comprising a soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprising one or more extracellular domains of ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist comprising any combination of one or more of the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragments provided herein that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and prevents ASP/C3adesArg from binding and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist comprising ASP/C3adesArg or a fragment thereof that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) but does not activate the receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to an individual.

In certain embodiments, the individual is a vertebrate. In certain embodiments, the vertebrate is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a research animal or a domestic animal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for a variety of modes of administration, including, for example, systemic or localized administration. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of injectable solutions and suitable for systemic administration such as, for example, intravenous administration. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of injectable solutions and suitable for local administration. In any of the embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are in a liquid or solid form suitable for oral administration. In any of the embodiments described herein, the pharmaceutical compositions can be packaged in single unit dosages or in multidosage forms.

In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a targeted complement inhibitor described herein are administered a dose between 3.2 mg/kg to approximately 20 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a targeted complement inhibitor described herein are administered a dose between 4 mg/kg to approximately 18 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a targeted complement inhibitor described herein are administered a dose between 6 mg/kg to approximately 16 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a targeted complement inhibitor described herein are administered a dose between 8 mg/kg to approximately 14 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a targeted complement inhibitor described herein are administered a dose between 10 mg/kg to approximately 12 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising a targeted complement inhibitor described herein are administered a dose of 3.2 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6.0 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7.0 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8.0 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9.0 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg, 11.0 mg/kg, 12.0 mg/kg, 13.0 mg/kg, 14.0 mg/kg, 15.0 mg/kg, 16.0 mg/kg, 17.0 mg/kg, 18.0 mg/kg, 19.0 mg/kg, or 20.0 mg/kg.

In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 3.2 mg/kg to approximately 20 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 4 mg/kg to approximately 18 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 6 mg/kg to approximately 16 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 8 mg/kg to approximately 14 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 10 mg/kg to approximately 12 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist described herein are administered a dose of 3.2 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6.0 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7.0 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8.0 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9.0 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg, 11.0 mg/kg, 12.0 mg/kg, 13.0 mg/kg, 14.0 mg/kg, 15.0 mg/kg, 16.0 mg/kg, 17.0 mg/kg, 18.0 mg/kg, 19.0 mg/kg, or 20.0 mg/kg.

In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 3.2 mg/kg to approximately 20 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 4 mg/kg to approximately 18 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 6 mg/kg to approximately 16 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 8 mg/kg to approximately 14 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist described herein are administered a dose between 10 mg/kg to approximately 12 mg/kg. In certain embodiments, any of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist described herein are administered a dose of 3.2 mg/kg, 3.5 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, 5.5 mg/kg, 6.0 mg/kg, 6.5 mg/kg, 7.0 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, 8.0 mg/kg, 8.5 mg/kg, 9.0 mg/kg, 9.5 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg, 11.0 mg/kg, 12.0 mg/kg, 13.0 mg/kg, 14.0 mg/kg, 15.0 mg/kg, 16.0 mg/kg, 17.0 mg/kg, 18.0 mg/kg, 19.0 mg/kg, or 20.0 mg/kg.

The liquid compositions are generally formulated as sterile, substantially isotonic solutions in full compliance with all Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In certain embodiments, the composition is free of pathogen. For injection, the pharmaceutical composition can be in the form of liquid solutions, for example in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's Balanced Salt Solution, Phosphate-Buffered Saline or Ringer's solution. In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be in solid form and redissolved or resuspended immediately prior to use. Lyophilized compositions are also contemplated.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate). Liquid preparations for oral administration can take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they can be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations can be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., ationd oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations can also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring and sweetening agents as appropriate.

In certain embodiments, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for injection. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are formulated for intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intraocular injection. Typically, compositions for injection are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions may further comprise additional ingredients, for example preservatives, buffers, tonicity agents, antioxidants and stabilizers, nonionic wetting or clarifying agents, viscosity-increasing agents, and the like.

Suitable preservatives for use in a solution include polyquaternium-1, benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenylethyl alcohol, disodium-EDTA, sorbic acid, benzethonium chloride, and the like. Typically (but not necessarily) such preservatives are employed at a level of from 0.001% to 1.0% by weight.

Suitable buffers include boric acid, sodium and potassium bicarbonate, sodium and potassium borates, sodium and potassium carbonate, sodium acetate, sodium biphosphate and the like, in amounts sufficient to maintain the pH at between about pH 6 and pH 8, and preferably, between about pH 7 and pH 7.5.

Suitable tonicity agents include dextran 40, dextran 70, dextrose, glycerin, potassium chloride, propylene glycol, sodium chloride, and the like, such that the sodium chloride equivalent of the injectable solution is in the range 0.9 plus or minus 0.2%.

Suitable antioxidants and stabilizers include sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfite, thiourea and the like. Suitable wetting and clarifying agents include polysorbate 80, polysorbate 20, poloxamer 282 and tyloxapol. Suitable viscosity-increasing agents include dextran 40, dextran 70, gelatin, glycerin, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxmethylpropylcellulose, lanolin, methylcellulose, petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose and the like.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be suitable for a variety of modes of administration described herein, including for example systemic or localized administration. The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of injectable solutions or in a form suitable for oral administration. The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be packaged in single unit dosages or in multidosage forms. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for administration to an individual, a vertebrate, a mammal, or a human by any route of administration described herein, including oral administration or intravenous injection.

Methods of Stimulating Liver Regeneration

Provided herein are methods of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the methods stimulate liver regeneration and decrease ischemia/reperfusion injury in an individual in need thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the methods stimulate liver regeneration and decrease hepatic steatosis in an individual in need thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the methods stimulate liver regeneration, decrease ischemia/reperfusion injury, and decrease hepatic steatosis in an individual in need thereof.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual is a vertebrate. In certain embodiments, the vertebrate is a mammal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a research animal or a domestic animal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a human. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has undergone a partial hepatectomy or liver resection. In any of the embodiments described herein, the partial hepatectomy or liver resection removed 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% by mass of the individual's liver. In any of the embodiments described herein, the partial hepatectomy or liver resection removed 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% by volume of the individual's liver. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has undergone a liver transplant. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has undergone a small-for-size liver transplant. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has liver damage caused by toxic injury, traumatic injury, microvesicular steatosis, or macrovesicular steatosis. In any of the embodiments described herein, the toxic injury results from exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), bacterial endotoxin, use or abuse of intravenous or prescription drugs, chemotherapy, excessive consumption of alcohol, or infection with hepatitis virus A, B, or C. In any of the embodiments described herein, the traumatic injury results from surgical resection or blunt force trauma, such as that occurring in an automobile accident.

As used herein, the term “microvesicular steatosis” refers to a variant form of hepatic fat accumulation whose histologic features contrast with the much more common macrovesicular steatosis. The condition was originally described in association with conditions sharing a number of biochemical and clinical features: acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Reye's syndrome, Jamaican vomiting sickness, sodium valproate toxicity, high-dose tetracycline toxicity and certain congenital defects of urea cycle enzymes. Those disorders were originally thought to constitute the so-called “microvesicular fat diseases.” In recent years, microvesicular steatosis has been observed in a wide variety of conditions, including alcoholism, toxicity of several medications, hepatitis delta virus infection (primarily in South America and Central Africa), sudden childhood death, congenital defects of fatty acid beta oxidation, cholesterol ester storage disease, Wolman disease and Alper's syndrome. Not much is known regarding the pathogenesis of microvesicular steatosis, but in many instances the primary defect could be a mitochondrial lesion, although inhibition of the mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acids has been the most frequently implicated defect. See, e.g., M. L. Hautekeete et al., (1990) Acta Clin. Belg. 45(5):311-326.

As used herein, the term “macrovesicular steatosis” refers to abnormal retention of lipids within a cell, reflecting an impairment of the normal processes of fatty acid and/or triglyceride synthesis and elimination. Excess lipid accumulates in vesicles that displace the cytoplasm. In “macrovesicular steatosis,” the vesicles become large enough to distort the cell's nucleus. The condition is not particularly detrimental to the cell in mild cases, large accumulations can disrupt cell constituents, and in severe cases cells may even burst. Many different mechanisms can disrupt normal lipid movement through the cell and cause steatosis. Those mechanisms can be classified based on whether they result in an oversupply of lipid or a failure of lipid breakdown. Oversupply of lipid may result from, among other conditions, obesity, insulin resistance, or alcoholism. Certain toxins, such as alcohols, carbon tetrachloride, aspirin, and diptheria toxin, among others, interfere with cellular machinery involved in lipid metabolism. In addition, certain metabolic diseases are characterized by defects in lipid metabolism. For example, in Gaucher's disease, the lysosomes fail to degrade glycolipids, resulting in steatosis.

As used herein, the term “partial hepatectomy,” “surgical resection,” or “liver resection” refers to a surgical procedure in which a portion of the liver is removed, typically because of cancer or other serious injury to the liver. The extent of the hepatectomy or resection will depend on the size, number, and location of the cancerous lesions, or on the extent of other liver injury. It also depends on whether liver function is still adequate. The surgeon may remove a part of the liver that contains the tumor, an entire lobe, or an even larger portion of the liver. In a partial hepatectomy, the surgeon typically leaves a margin of healthy liver tissue to maintain the functions of the liver.

As used herein, the term “small-for-size” liver transplant or “SFS” liver transplant refers to a surgical technique in which a donor liver is split into two or more fragments, each of which is subsequently transplanted into a different recipient. Adequate hepatic regeneration is essential for recovery of patients receiving SFS transplants, most of whom are chronically ill with severely compromised liver function to begin with. Inadequate regeneration can result in “small-for-size graft syndrome,” characterized by poor bile production, intractable ascites, and prolonged cholestasis, and closely associated with surgical and septic complications.

In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof comprises administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce the circulating concentration of acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesArg) in the individual. In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration and decreasing ischemia/reperfusion injury in an individual in need thereof comprises administering a composition to the individual in an amount effective to reduce the circulating concentration of acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesArg) in the individual. In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration and decreasing hepatic steatosis in an individual in need thereof comprises administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce the circulating concentration of acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesArg) in the individual. In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration, decreasing ischemia/reperfusion injury, and decreasing hepatic steatosis in an individual in need thereof comprises administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce the circulating concentration of acylation stimulating protein (ASP/C3adesArg) in the individual. In certain embodiments, the circulating concentration of ASP/C3adesArg is reduced to between 2 μg/ml and 8 μg/ml. In certain embodiments, the circulating concentration of ASP/C3adesArg is determined in a biological sample taken from the individual. In certain embodiments, the biological sample is blood, plasma, or serum. In certain embodiments, the biological sample is a liver sample obtained by biopsy, and the concentration of ASP/C3adesArg is determined in a liver homogenate. In certain embodiments, the circulating concentration of ASP/C3adesArg is determined by Western blot, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (“ELISA”), radioimmunoassay (“RIA”), immunoprecipitation, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, fluorescent polarization, phosphorescence, or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (“MALDI-TOF”) mass spectrometry.

In certain embodiments, the composition is selected from the group consisting of a complement inhibitor, an ASP/C3adesArg antagonist and an ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist.

In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor is a targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor is a fusion protein comprising a complement receptor 2 (CR2) portion comprising CR2 or a biologically active fragment thereof; and a complement inhibitor portion. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion is selected from the group consisting of CD59, mouse Crry, human factor H, and biologically active fragments thereof. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first two N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CR2. In certain embodiments, the CR2 portion comprises at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human CD59. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102). In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises the complete extracellular domain of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises SCRs 1-4 of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises SCRs 1-5 of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human factor H. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises SCRs 1-4 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises SCRs 1-5 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises SCRs 1-8 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor portion comprises SCRs 1-18 of human factor H.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the complete extracellular domain of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-4 of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-5 of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the complete extracellular domain of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-4 of mouse Crry protein. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-5 of mouse Crry protein.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and full-length human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-4 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-5 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-8 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-18 of human factor H.

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and full-length human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-4 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-5 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-8 of human factor H. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and SCRs 1-18 of human factor H.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion. In any of the embodiments described herein, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist is selected from the group consisting of an antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to ASP/C3adesArg and soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragments that specifically bind to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent ASP/C3adesArg from binding to the receptor. In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist is an antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent ASP/C3adesArg from binding to the receptor. In certain embodiments, the antibody is a polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized antibody. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments.

In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist is a soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevents ASP/C3adesArg from binding to the receptor. In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist is a soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragment comprising one or more extracellular domains of ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2). In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg antagonist comprises any combination of one or more of the soluble ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) fragments provided herein that specifically binds to ASP/C3adesArg and prevent it from binding to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2).

In certain embodiments, the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragments thereof that specifically bind to the ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) and prevent activation of the receptor. In certain embodiments, the antibody is a polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized antibody. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments.

In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof comprises administering a composition in an amount effective to reduce activation of complement. In certain embodiments, the composition is a complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor is a targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the complement inhibitor is a non-targeted complement inhibitor.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual is a vertebrate. In any of the embodiments described herein, the vertebrate is a mammal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a research animal or a domestic animal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a human. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has undergone a partial hepatectomy or liver resection. In any of the embodiments described herein, the partial hepatectomy or liver resection removed 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% by mass of the individual's liver. In any of the embodiments described herein, the partial hepatectomy or liver resection removed 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% by volume of the individual's liver. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has undergone a liver transplant. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has undergone a small-for-size liver transplant. In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual has liver damage caused by toxic injury, traumatic injury, microvesicular steatosis, or macrovesicular steatosis. In any of the embodiments described herein, the toxic injury results from exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), bacterial endotoxin, use or abuse of intravenous or prescription drugs, chemotherapy, excessive consumption of alcohol, or infection with hepatitis virus A, B, or C. In any of the embodiments described herein, the traumatic injury results from surgical resection or blunt force trauma, such as that occurring in an automobile accident.

In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof comprises administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce or prevent activation of one or more of the classical, lectin or alternative complement pathways. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length mouse Crry (SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length mouse Crry protein (SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length mouse Crry protein (SEQ ID NO:4), to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising the extracellular domain of mouse Crry (amino acids 41-405 of SEQ ID NO:4), to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry protein comprising SCR1-4 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-338 of SEQ ID NO:4), or to a biologically active fragment of mouse Crry comprising SCR1-5 of mouse Crry (amino acids 83-400 of SEQ ID NO:4). In certain embodiments, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a non-targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human C1-inhibitor protein (SEQ ID NO:19) or mouse C1-inhibitor protein (SEQ ID NO:20). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is a homolog of human C1-inhibitor protein or a homolog of mouse C1-inhibitor protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises an anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof selectively binds to complement protein C3 and prevents cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody.

In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof comprises administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce or prevent activation of the alternative complement pathway. In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human factor H (SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-262 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-320 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-386 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-507 of SEQ ID NO:5). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-1104 of SEQ ID NO:5).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length mouse factor H (SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-264 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-322 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-386 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-624 of SEQ ID NO:10). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:1) or SCR1-2 of human CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of mouse factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of mouse factor H (amino acids 19-1109 of SEQ ID NO:10).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human factor H (SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first four N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-262 of SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first five N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-320 of SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first six N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-386 of SEQ ID NO:5), to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eight N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-507 of SEQ ID NO:5), or to a biologically active fragment of human factor H comprising the first eighteen N-terminal SCR domains of human factor H (amino acids 21-1104 of SEQ ID NO:5).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises an anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof selectively binds to factor B within the third short consensus repeat (SCR) domain and prevents formation of a C3bBb complex. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is the monoclonal antibody 1379 (produced by ATCC Deposit No. PTA-6230).

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises an anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody inhibits the production of one or more of Bb, C3a, and C5a. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises an anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody inhibits the production of one or more of Bb, C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is of a non-complement activating isotype or subclass. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-factor D antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, or a human antibody. In certain embodiments, the antibody is the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 166-32 (produced by ATCC Deposit Accession_Number HB-12476).

In certain embodiments, the method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof comprises administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce or prevent activation of terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the individual. In certain embodiments, the composition is a targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises full-length CR2 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform A comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform B comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a biologically active fragment of CR2 protein comprising SCR1-2 (SEQ ID NO:2) fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform A comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform B comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to full-length human CD59 protein (SEQ ID NO:3), to a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or to a full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9). In certain embodiments, the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a non-CR2 targeting portion fused to a biologically active fragment of CD59 protein comprising the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), to a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform A comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or to a biologically active fragment of mouse CD59 protein, isoform B comprising the extracellular domain of mouse CD59, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).

In certain embodiments, the composition is a non-targeted complement inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is an anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that inhibits activation of terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits cleavage of complement protein C5 (C5). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized. In certain embodiments, the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is polyclonal. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is monoclonal. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is chimeric. In certain embodiments, the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is humanized. In certain embodiments, the humanized anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is eculizumab or pexelizumab.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is the heterodimeric apolipoprotein clusterin. In certain embodiments, the clusterin inhibits complement protein C9 assembly on C5b-8 and C5b-9 or binds to C5b-7 to prevent membrane attachment. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:15) or mouse clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:16). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse clusterin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor inhibits terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is the protein vitronectin or a biologically active fragment or homolog thereof. In certain embodiments, the vitronectin blocks C5b-7 membrane binding and prevents C9 polymerization. In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:17) or mouse vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:18). In certain embodiments, the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse vitronectin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the individual is a vertebrate. In any of the embodiments described herein, the vertebrate is a mammal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a research animal or a domestic animal. In any of the embodiments described herein, the mammal is a human.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the non-CR2 targeting portion comprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to proteolytic fragments of complement protein C3 (e.g., iC3b, C3dg, and C3d). In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are polyclonal antibodies. In certain embodiments, the antibodies are monoclonal antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibody fragments selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′-SH, Fv, scFv, and (Fab′)₂ fragments. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are humanized antibodies. In any of the embodiments described herein, the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof are human antibodies.

In any of the embodiments described herein, the compositions administered to an individual are pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to an individual by any commonly used route of administration, including those described herein.

Sequences [complete amino acid sequence of complement receptor 2 (CR2)]: SEQ ID NO: 1 MGAAGLLGVFLALVAPGVLGISCGSPPPILNGRISYYSTPIAVGTVIRY SCSGTFRLIGEKSLLCITKDKVDGTWDKPAPKCEYFNKYSSCPEPIVPG GYKIRGSTPYRHGDSVTFACKTNFSMNGNKSVWCQANNMWGPTRLPTCV SVFPLECPALPMIHNGHHTSENVGSIAPGLSVTYSCESGYLLVGEKIIN CLSSGKWSAVPPTCEEARCKSLGRFPNGKVKEPPILRVGVTANFFCDEG YRLQGPPSSRCVIAGQGVAWTKMPVCEEIFCPSPPPILNGRHIGNSLAN VSYGSIVTYTCDPDPEEGVNFILIGESTLRCTVDSQKTGTWSGPAPRCE LSTSAVQCPHPQILRGRMVSGQKDRYTYNDTVIFACMFGFTLKGSKQIR CNAQGTWEPSAPVCEKECQAPPNILNGQKEDRHMVRFDPGTSIKYSCNP GYVLVGEESIQCTSEGVWTPPVPQCKVAACEATGRQLLTKPQHQFVRPD VNSSCGEGYKLSGSVYQECQGTIPWFMEIRLCKEITCPPPPVIYNGAHT GSSLEDFPYGTTVTYTCNPGPERGVEFSLIGESTIRCTSNDQERGTWSG PAPLCKLSLLAVQCSHVHIANGYKISGKEAPYFYNDTVTFKCYSGFTLK GSSQIRCKRDNTWDPEIPVCEKGCQPPPGLHHGRHTGGNTVFFVSGMTV DYTCDPGYLLVGNKSIHCMPSGNWSPSAPRCEETCQHVRQSLQELPAGS RVELVNTSCQDGYQLTGHAYQMCQDAENGIVVFKKIPLCKVIHCHPPPV IVNGKHTGMMAENFLYGNEVSYECDQGFYLLGEKNCSAEVILKAWILER AFPQCLRSLCPNPEVKHGYKLNKTHSAYSHNDIVYVDCNPGFIMNGSRV IRCHTDNTWVPGVPTCIKKAFIGCPPPPKTPNGNHTGGNIARFSPGMSI LYSCDQGYLVVGEPLLLCTHEGTWSQPAPHCKEVNCSSPADMDGIQKGL EPRKMYQYGAVVTLECEDGYMLEGSPQSQCQSDHQWNPPLAVCRSRSLA PVLCGIAAGLILLTFLIVITLYVISKHRERNYYTDTSQKEAFHLEAREV YSVDPYNPAS [amino acid sequence of short consensus repeat (SCR) domains 1 and 2 of CR2]: SEQ ID NO: 2 ISCGSPPPILNGRISYYSTPIAVGTVIRYSCSGTFRLIGEKSLLCITKD VDGTWDKPAPKCEYFNKYSSCPEPIVPGGYKIRGSTPYRHGDSVTFACK TNFSMNGNKSVWCQANNMWGPTRLPTCVS [amino acid sequence of human CD59 protein]: SEQ ID NO: 3 MGIQGGSVLFGLLLVLAVFCHSGHSLQCYNCPNPTADCKTAVNCSSDFD ACLITKAGLQVYNKCWKFEHCNFNDVTTRLRENELTYYCCKKDLCNFNE QLENGGTSLSEKTVLLLVTPFLAAAWSLHP [amino acid sequence of mouse complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry)]: SEQ ID NO: 4 MEVSSRSSEPLDPVWLLVAFGRGGVKLEVLLLFLLPFTLGELRGGLGKH GHTVHREPAVNRLCADSKRWSGLPVSAQRPFPMGHCPAPSQLPSAKPIN LTDESMFPIGTYLLYECLPGYIKRQFSITCKQDSTWTSAEDKCIRKQCK TPSDPENGLVHVHTGIQFGSRINYTCNQGYRLIGSSSAVCVITDQSVDW DTEAPICEWIPCEIPPGIPNGDFFSSTREDFHYGMVVTYRCNTDARGKA LFNLVGEPSLYCTSNDGEIGVWSGPPPQCIELNKCTPPPYVENAVMLSE NRSLFSLRDIVEFRCHPGFIMKGASSVHCQSLNKWEPELPSCFKGVICR LPQEMSGFQKGLGMKKEYYYGENVTLECEDGYTLEGSSQSQCQSDGSWN PLLAKCVSRSISGLIVGIFIGIIVFILVIIVFIWMILKYKKRNTTDEKY KEVGIHLNYKEDSCVRLQSLLTSQENSSTTSPARNSLTQEVS [amino acid sequence of human factor H]: SEQ ID NO: 5 MRLLAKIICLMLWAICVAEDCNELPPRRNTEILTGSWSDQTYPEGTQAI YKCRPGYRSLGNVIMVCRKGEWVALNPLRKCQKRPCGHPGDTPFGTFTL TGGNVFEYGVKAVYTCNEGYQLLGEINYRECDTDGWTNDIPICEVVKCL PVTAPENGKIVSSAMEPDREYHFGQAVRFVCNSGYKIEGDEEMHCSDDG FWSKEKPKCVEISCKSPDVINGSPISQKIIYKENERFQYKCNMGYEYSE RGDAVCTESGWRPLPSCEEKSCDNPYIPNGDYSPLRIKHRTGDEITYQC RNGFYPATRGNTAKCTSTGWIPAPRCTLKPCDYPDIKHGGLYHENMRRP YFPVAVGKYYSYYCDEHFETPSGSYWDHIHCTQDGWSPAVPCLRKCYFP YLENGYNQNYGRKFVQGKSIDVACHPGYALPKAQTTVTCMENGWSPTPR CIRVKTCSKSSIDIENGFISESQYTYALKEKAKYQCKLGYVTADGETSG SITCGKDGWSAQPTCIKSCDIPVFMNARTKNDFTWFKLNDTLDYECHDG YESNTGSTTGSIVCGYNGWSDLPICYERECELPKIDVHLVPDRKKDQYK VGEVLKFSCKPGFTIVGPNSVQCYHFGLSPDLPICKEQVQSCGPPPELL NGNVKEKTKEEYGHSEVVEYYCNPRFLMKGPNKIQCVDGEWTTLPVCIV EESTCGDIPELEHGWAQLSSPPYYYGDSVEFNCSESFTMIGHRSITCIH GVWTQLPQCVAIDKLKKCKSSNLIILEEHLKNKKEFDHNSNIRYRCRGK EGWIHTVCINGRWDPEVNCSMAQIQLCPPPPQIPNSHNMTTTLNYRDGE KVSVLCQENYLIQEGEEITCKDGRWQSIPLCVEKIPCSQPPQIEHGTIN SSRSSQESYAHGTKLSYTCEGGFRISEENETTCYMGKWSSPPQCEGLPC KSPPEISHGVVAHMSDSYQYGEEVTYKCFEGFGIDGPAIAKCLGEKWSH PPSCIKTDCLSLPSFENAIPMGEKKDVYKAGEQVTYTCATYYKMDGASN VTCINSRWTGRPTCRDTSCVNPPTVQNAYIVSRQMSKYPSGERVRYQCR SPYEMFGDEEVMCLNGNWTEPPQCKDSTGKCGPPPPIDNGDITSFPLSV YAPASSVEYQCQNLYQLEGNKRITCRNGQWSEPPKCLHPCVISREIMEN YNIALRWTAKQKLYSRTGESVEFVCKRGYRLSSRSHTLRTTCWDGKLEY PTCAKR [amino acid sequence of human ASP/C3adesArg]: SEQ ID NO: 6 SVQLTEKRMDKVGKYPKELRKCCEDGMRENPMRFSCQRRTRFISLGEAC KKVFLDCCNYITELRRQHARASHLGLA [amino acid sequence of the human ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2)]: SEQ ID NO: 7 MGNDSVSYEYGDYSDLSDRPVDCLDGACLAIDPLRVAPLPLYAAIFLVG VPGNAMVAWVAGKVARRRVGATWLLHLAVADLLCCLSLPILAVPIARGG HWPYGAVGCRALPSIILLTMYASVLLLAALSADLCFLALGPAWWSTVQR ACGVQVACGAAWTLALLLTVPSAIYRRLHQEHFPARLQCVVDYGGSSST ENAVTAIRFLFGFLGPLVAVASCHSALLCWAARRCRPLGTAIVVGFFVC WAPYHLLGLVLTVAAPNSALLARALRAEPLIVGLALAHSCLNPMLFLYF GRAQLRRSLPAACHWALRESQGQDESVDSKKSTSHDLVSEMEV [amino acid sequence of mouse CD59A protein]: SEQ ID NO: 8 MRAQRGLILLLLLLAVFCSTAVSLTCYHCFQPVVSSCNMNSTCSPDQDS CLYAVAGMQVYQRCWKQSDCHGEIIMDQLEETKLKFRCCQFNLCNKSDG SLGKTPLLGTSVLVAILNLCFLSHL [amino acid sequence of mouse CD59B protein]: SEQ ID NO: 9 MRAQRGLILLLLLLAVFCSTAVSLKCYNCFQFVSSCKINTTCSPNLDSC LYAVAGRQVYQQCWKLSDCNSNYIMSRLDVAGIQSKCCQWGLCNKNLDG LEEPNNAETSSLRKTALLGTSVLVAILKFCF [amino acid sequence of mouse factor H]: SEQ ID NO: 10 MRLSARIIWLILWTVCAAEDCKGPPPRENSEILSGSWSEQLYPEGTQAT YKCRPGYRTLGTIVKVCKNGKWVASNPSRICRKKPCGHPGDTPFGSFRL AVGSQFEFGAKVVYTCDDGYQLLGEIDYRECGADGWINDIPLCEVVKCL PVTELENGRIVSGAAETDQEYYFGQVVRFECNSGFKIEGHKEIHCSENG LWSNEKPRCVEILCTPPRVENGDGINVKPVYKENERYHYKCKHGYVPKE RGDAVCTGSGWSSQPFCEEKRCSPPYILNGIYTPHRIIHRSDDEIRYEC NYGFYPVTGSTVSKCTPTGWIPVPRCTLKPCEFPQFKYGRLYYEESLRP NFPVSIGNKYSYKCDNGFSPPSGYSWDYLRCTAQGWEPEVPCVRKCVFH YVENGDSAYWEKVYVQGQSLKVQCYNGYSLQNGQDTMTCTENGWSPPPK CIRIKTCSASDIHIDNGFLSESSSIYALNRETSYRCKQGYVTNTGEISG SITCLQNGWSPQPSCIKSCDMPVFENSITKNTRTWFKLNDKLDYECLVG FENEYKHTKGSITCTYYGWSDTPSCYERECSVPTLDRKLVVSPRKEKYR VGDLLEFSCHSGHRVGPDSVQCYHFGWSPGFPTCKGQVASCAPPLEILN GEINGAKKVEYSHGEVVKYDCKPRFLLKGPNKIQCVDGNWTTLPVCIEE ERTCGDIPELEHGSAKCSVPPYHHGDSVEFICEENFTMIGHGSVSCISG KWTQLPKCVATDQLEKCRVLKSTGIEAIKPKLTEFTHNSTMDYKCRDKQ EYERSICINGKWDPEPNCTSKTSCPPPPQIPNTQVIETTVKYLDGEKLS VLCQDNYLTQDSEEMVCKDGRWQSLPRCIEKIPCSQPPTIEHGSINLPR SSEERRDSIESSSHEHGTTFSYVCDDGFRIPEENRITCYMGKWSTPPRC VGLPCGPPPSIPLGTVSLELESYQHGEEVTYHCSTGFGIDGPAFIICEG GKWSDPPKCIKTDCDVLPTVKNAIIRGKSKKSYRTGEQVTFRCQSPYQM NGSDTVTCVNSRWIGQPVCKDNSCVDPPHVPNATIVTRTKNKYLHGDRV RYECNKPLELFGQVEVMCENGIVVTEKPKCRDSTGKCGPPPPIDNGDIT SLSLPVYEPLSSVEYQCQKYYLLKGKKTITCTNGKWSEPPTCLHACVIP ENIMESHNIILKWRHTEKIYSHSGEDIEFGCKYGYYKARDSPPFRTKCI NGTINYPTCV [amino acid sequence of human complement receptor 1 (CR1)]: SEQ ID NO: 11 MGASSPRSPEPVGPPAPGLPFCCGGSLLAVVVLLALPVAWGQCNAPEWL PFARPTNLTDEFEFPIGTYLNYECRPGYSGRPFSIICLKNSVWTGAKDR CRRKSCRNPPDPVNGMVHVIKGIQFGSQIKYSCTKGYRLIGSSSATCII SGDTVIWDNETPICDRIPCGLPPTITNGDFISTNRENFHYGSVVTYRCN PGSGGRKVFELVGEPSIYCTSNDDQVGIWSGPAPQCIIPNKCTPPNVEN GILVSDNRSLFSLNEVVEFRCQPGFVMKGPRRVKCQALNKWEPELPSCS RVCQPPPDVLHAERTQRDKDNFSPGQEVFYSCEPGYDLRGAASMRCTPQ GDWSPAAPTCEVKSCDDFMGQLLNGRVLFPVNLQLGAKVDFVCDEGFQL KGSSASYCVLAGMESLWNSSVPVCEQIFCPSPPVIPNGRHTGKPLEVFP FGKAVNYTCDPHPDRGTSFDLIGESTIRCTSDPQGNGVWSSPAPRCGIL GHCQAPDHFLFAKLKTQTNASDFPIGTSLKYECRPEYYGRPFSITCLDN LVWSSPKDVCKRKSCKTPPDPVNGMVHVITDIQVGSRINYSCTTGHRLI GHSSAECILSGNAAHWSTKPPICQRIPCGLPPTIANGDFISTNRENFHY GSVVTYRCNPGSGGRKVFELVGEPSIYCTSNDDQVGIVVSGPAPQCIIP NKCTPPNVENGILVSDNRSLFSLNEVVEFRCQPGFVMKGPRRVKCQALN KWEPELPSCSRVCQPPPDVLHAERTQRDKDNFSPGQEVFYSCEPGYDLR GAASMRCTPQGDWSPAAPTCEVKSCDDFMGQLLNGRVLFPVNLQLGAKV DFVCDEGFQLKGSSASYCVLAGMESLWNSSVPVCEQIFCPSPPVIPNGR HTGKPLEVFPFGKAVNYTCDPHPDRGTSFDLIGESTIRCTSDPQGNGVW SSPAPRCGILGHCQAPDHFLFAKLKTQTNASDFPIGTSLKYECRPEYYG RPFSITCLDNLVWSSPKDVCKRKSCKTPPDPVNGMVHVITDIQVGSRIN YSCTTGHRLIGHSSAECILSGNTAHWSTKPPICQRIPCGLPPTIANGDF ISTNRENFHYGSVVTYRCNLGSRGRKVFELVGEPSIYCTSNDDQVGIWS GPAPQCIIPNKCTPPNVENGILVSDNRSLFSLNEVVEFRCQPGFVMKGP RRVKCQALNKWEPELPSCSRVCQPPPEILHGEHTPSHQDNFSPGQEVFY SCEPGYDLRGAASLHCTPQGDWSPEAPRCAVKSCDDFLGQLPHGRVLFP LNLQLGAKVSFVCDEGFRLKGSSVSHCVLVGMRSLWNNSVPVCEHIFCP NPPAILNGRHTGTPSGDIPYGKEISYTCDPHPDRGMTFNLIGESTIRCT SDPHGNGVWSSPAPRCELSVRAGHCKTPEQFPFASPTIPINDFEFPVGT SLNYECRPGYFGKMFSISCLENLVWSSVEDNCRRKSCGPPPEPFNGMVH INTDTQFGSTVNYSCNEGFRLIGSPSTTCLVSGNNVTWDKKAPICEIIS CEPPPTISNGDFYSNNRTSFHNGTVVTYQCHTGPDGEQLFELVGERSIY CTSKDDQVGVWSSPPPRCISTNKCTAPEVENAIRVPGNRSFFSLTEIIR FRCQPGFVMVGSHTVQCQTNGRWGPKLPHCSRVCQPPPEILHGEHTLSH QDNFSPGQEVFYSCEPSYDLRGAASLHCTPQGDWSPEAPRCTVKSCDDF LGQLPHGRVLLPLNLQLGAKVSFVCDEGFRLKGRSASHCVLAGMKALWN SSVPVCEQIFCPNPPAILNGRHTGTPFGDIPYGKEISYACDTHPDRGMT FNLIGESSIRCTSDPQGNGVWSSPAPRCELSVPAACPHPPKIQNGHYIG GHVSLYLPGMTISYTCDPGYLLVGKGFIFCTDQGIVVSQLDHYCKEVNC SFPLFMNGISKELEMKKVYHYGDYVTLKCEDGYTLEGSPWSQCQADDRW DPPLAKCTSRAHDALIVGTLSGTIFFILLIIFLSWIILKHRKGNNAHEN PKEVAIHLHSQGGSSVHPRTLQTNEENSRVLP [amino acid sequence of human membrane cofactor protein (MCP)]: SEQ ID NO: 12 MEPPGRRECPFPSWRFPGLLLAAMVLLLYSFSDACEEPPTFEAMELIGK PKPYYEIGERVDYKCKKGYFYIPPLATHTICDRNHTWLPVSDDACYRET CPYIRDPLNGQAVPANGTYEFGYQMHFICNEGYYLIGEEILYCELKGSV AIVVSGKPPICEKVLCTPPPKIKNGKHTFSEVEVFEYLDAVTYSCDPAP GPDPFSLIGESTIYCGDNSVWSRAAPECKVVKCRFPVVENGKQISGFGK KFYYKATVMFECDKGFYLDGSDTIVCDSNSTWDPPVPKCLKVLPPSSTK PPALSHSVSTSSTTKSPASSASGPRPTYKPPVSNYPGYPKPEEGILDSL DVWVIAVIVIAIVVGVAVICVVPYRYLQRRKKKGTYLTDETHREVKFTS L [amino acid sequence of human decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55)]: SEQ ID NO: 13 MTVARPSVPAALPLLGELPRLLLLVLLCLPAVWGDCGLPPDVPNAQPAL EGRTSFPEDTVITYKCEESFVKIPGEKDSVICLKGSQWSDIEEFCNRSC EVPTRLNSASLKQPYITQNYFPVGTVVEYECRPGYRREPSLSPKLTCLQ NLKWSTAVEFCKKKSCPNPGEIRNGQIDVPGGILFGATISFSCNTGYKL FGSTSSFCLISGSSVQWSDPLPECREIYCPAPPQIDNGIIQGERDHYGY RQSVTYACNKGFTMIGEHSIYCTVNNDEGEWSGPPPECRGKSLTSKVPP TVQKPTTVNVPTTEVSPTSQKTTTKTTTPNAQATRSTPVSRTTKHFHET TPNKGSGTTSGTTRLLSGHTCFTLTGLLGTLVTMGLLT [amino acid sequence of mouse decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55)]: SEQ ID NO: 14 MIRGRAPRTRPSPPPPLLPLLSLSLLLLSPTVRGDCGPPPDIPNARPIL GRHSKFAEQSKVAYSCNNGFKQVPDKSNIVVCLENGQWSSHETFCEKSC VAPERLSFASLKKEYLNMNFFPVGTIVEYECRPGFRKQPPLPGKATCLE DLVWSPVAQFCKKKSCPNPKDLDNGHINIPTGILFGSEINFSCNPGYRL VGVSSTFCSVTGNTVDWDDEFPVCTEIHCPEPPKINNGIMRGESDSYTY SQVVTYSCDKGFILVGNASIYCTVSKSDVGQWSSPPPRCIEKSKVPTKK PTINVPSTGTPSTPQKPTTESVPNPGDQPTPQKPSTVKVSATQHVPVTK TTVRHPIRTSTDKGEPNTGGDRYIYGHTCLITLTVLHVMLSLIGYLT [amino acid sequence of human clusterin protein]: SEQ ID NO: 15 MMKTLLLFVGLLLTWESGQVLGDQTVSDNELQEMSNQGSKYVNKEIQNA VNGVKQIKTLIEKTNEERKTLLSNLEEAKKKKEDALNETRESETKLKEL PGVCNETMMALWEECKPCLKQTCMKFYARVCRSGSGLVGRQLEEFLNQS SPFYFWMNGDRIDSLLENDRQQTHMLDVMQDHFSRASSIIDELFQDRFF TREPQDTYHYLPFSLPHRRPHFFFPKSRIVRSLMPFSPYEPLNFHAMFQ PFLEMIHEAQQAMDIHFHSPAFQHPPTEFIREGDDDRTVCREIRHNSTG CLRMKDQCDKCREILSVDCSTNNPSQAKLRRELDESLQVAERLTRKYNE LLKSYQWKMLNTSSLLEQLNEQFNWVSRLANLTQGEDQYYLRVTTVASH TSDSDVPSGVTEVVVKLFDSDPITVTVPVEVSRKNPKFMETVAEKALQE YRKKHREE [amino acid sequence of mouse clusterin protein+] SEQ ID NO: 16 MKILLLCVALLLIWDNGMVLGEQEVSDNELQELSTQGSRYINKEIQNAV QGVKHIKTLIEKTNAERKSLLNSLEEAKKKKEDALEDTRDSEMKLKAFP EVCNETMMALWEECKPCLKHTCMKFYARVCRSGSGLVGQQLEEFLNQSS PFYFWMNGDRIDSLLESDRQQSQVLDAMQDSFARASGIIDTLFQDRFFA RELHDPHYFSPIGFPHKRPHFLYPKSRLVRSLMSPSHYGPPSFHNMFQP FFEMIHQAQQAMDVQLHSPAFQFPDVDFLREGEDDRTVCKEIRRNSTGC LKMKGQCEKCQEILSVDCSTNNPAQANLRQELNDSLQVAERLTEQYKEL LQSFQSKMLNTSSLLEQLNDQFNWVSQLANLTQGEDKYYLRVSTVTTHS SDSEVPSRVTEVVVKLFDSDPITVVLPEEVSKDNPKFMDTVAEKALQEY RRKSRAE [amino acid sequence of human vitronectin  protein]: SEQ ID NO: 17 MAPLRPLLILALLAWVALADQESCKGRCTEGFNVDKKCQCDELCSYYQS CCTDYTAECKPQVTRGDVFTMPEDEYTVYDDGEEKNNATVHEQVGGPSL TSDLQAQSKGNPEQTPVLKPEEEAPAPEVGASKPEGIDSRPETLHPGRP QPPAEEELCSGKPFDAFTDLKNGSLFAFRGQYCYELDEKAVRPGYPKLI RDVWGIEGPIDAAFTRINCQGKTYLFKGSQYWRFEDGVLDPDYPRNISD GFDGIPDNVDAALALPAHSYSGRERVYFFKGKQYWEYQFQHQPSQEECE GSSLSAVFEHFAMMQRDSWEDIFELLFWGRTSAGTRQPQFISRDWHGVP GQVDAAMAGRIYISGMAPRPSLAKKQRFRHRNRKGYRSQRGHSRGRNQN SRRPSRATWLSLFSSEESNLGANNYDDYRMDWLVPATCEPIQSVFFFSG DKYYRVNLRTRRVDTVDPPYPRSIAQYWLGCPAPGHL [amino acid sequence of mouse vitronectin  protein]: SEQ ID NO: 18 MAPLRPFFILALVAWVSLADQESCKGRCTQGFMASKKCQCDELCTYYQS CCADYMEQCKPQVTRGDVFTMPEDDYWSYDYVEEPKNNTNTGVQPENTS PPGDLNPRTDGTLKPTAFLDPEEQPSTPAPKVEQQEEILRPDTTDQGTP EFPEEELCSGKPFDAFTDLKNGSLFAFRGQYCYELDETAVRPGYPKLIQ DVWGIEGPIDAAFTRINCQGKTYLFKGSQYWRFEDGVLDPGYPRNISEG FSGIPDNVDAAFALPAHRYSGRERVYFFKGKQYWEYEFQQQPSQEECEG SSLSAVFEHFALLQRDSWENIFELLFWGRSSDGAREPQFISRNWHGVPG KVDAAMAGRIYVTGSLSHSAQAKKQKSKRRSRKRYRSRRGRGHRRSQSS NSRRSSRSIWFSLFSSEESGLGTYNNYDYDMDWLVPATCEPIQSVYFFS GDKYYRVNLRTRRVDSVNPPYPRSIAQYWLGCPTSEK [amino acid sequence of human C1-inhibitor protein]: SEQ ID NO: 19 MASRLTLLTLLLLLLAGDRASSNPNATSSSSQDPESLQDRGEGKVATTV ISKMLFVEPILEVSSLPTTNSTTNSATKITANTTDEPTTQPTTEPTTQP TIQPTQPTTQLPTDSPTQPTTGSFCPGPVTLCSDLESHSTEAVLGDALV DFSLKLYHAFSAMKKVETNMAFSPFSIASLLTQVLLGAGENTKTNLESI LSYPKDFTCVHQALKGFTTKGVTSVSQIFHSPDLAIRDTFVNASRTLYS SSPRVLSNNSDANLELINTWVAKNTNNKISRLLDSLPSDTRLVLLNAIY LSAKWKTTFDPKKTRMEPFHFKNSVIKVPMMNSKKYPVAHFIDQTLKAK VGQLQLSHNLSLVILVPQNLKHRLEDMEQALSPSVFKAIMEKLEMSKFQ PTLLTLPRIKVTTSQDMLSIMEKLEFFDFSYDLNLCGLTEDPDLQVSAM QHQTVLELTETGVEAAAASAISVARTLLVFEVQQPFLFVLWDQQHKFPV FMGRVYDPRA [amino acid sequence of mouse C1-inhibitor protein]: SEQ ID NO: 20 MASRLTPLTLLLLLLAGDRAFSDPEATSHSTQDPLEAQAKSRESFPERD DSWSPPEPTVLPSTWPTTSVAITITNDTMGKVANESFSQHSQPAAQLPT DSPGQPPLNSSSQPSTASDLPTQATTEPFCPEPLAQCSDSDRDSSEAKL SEALTDFSVKLYHAFSATKMAKTNMAFSPFSIASLLTQVLLGAGDSTKS NLESILSYPKDFACVHQALKGFSSKGVTSVSQIFHSPDLAIRDTYVNAS QSLYGSSPRVLGPDSAANLELINTWVAENTNHKIRKLLDSLPSDTRLVL LNAVYLSAKWKITFEPKKMMAPFFYKNSMIKVPMMSSVKYPVAQFDDHT LKAKVGQLQLSHNLSFVIVVPVFPKHQLKDVEKALNPTVFKAIMKKLEL SKFLPTYLTMPHIKVKSSQDMLSVMEKLEFFDFTYDLNLCGLTEDPDLQ VSAMKHETVLELTESGVEAAAASAISFGRSLPIFEVQRPFLFLLWDQQH RFPVFMGRVYDPRG

EXAMPLES Example 1 Complement Inhibition with the Targeted Complement Inhibitor CR2-Crry Improves Liver Regeneration in Mouse Models of Warm Hepatic IRI, 70% PHx, and PHx+IRI Materials and Methods

Animal studies. C3^(−/−) mice and wild-type controls were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). C5L2^(−/+) heterozygous mice were provided by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., courtesy of Dr. Joseph Sorrentino (Tarrytown, N.Y.) and C5L2^(−/−) and wild-type littermates determined by PCR genotyping. All mice were on C57BL/6 background and were used when 8-10 weeks old and weighing between 22.5 g-25 g. Mice were fed a pellet diet with water ad libitum and kept on a 12-hour-light/dark cycle. For all procedures, mice were anesthetized with a intraperitoneal injection of 0.05 ml/10 g body weight of a “ketamine cocktail” consisting of ketamine (13 mg/ml), xylazine (2.6 mg/ml) and acepromazine (0.15 mg/ml) in sterile normal saline. Animals were subjected to one of the following three different procedures: (i) Hepatic IRI; (ii) 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx); and (iii) combined IRI and PHx.

Hepatic IRI. Mice were subjected to total warm hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) as previously described (43). The portal vein and hepatic artery were occluded for 30 minutes with a microaneurysm clamp to induce hepatic ischemia, followed by a 6 hour period of reperfusion. For some experiments, we also used a model of partial warm hepatic IRI (see supplemental data). Mice were subjected to occlusion of the left lateral and median lobes of the liver by applying an atraumatic microvascular clamp to the vascular pedicle (44). After 90 minutes of partial warm ischemia, the clamp was removed, initiating hepatic reperfusion. In all IRI studies, CR2-Crry or normal saline (NS) was administered i.p. immediately after ischemia. Mice were sacrificed at predetermined time points after reperfusion for serum and liver sampling. 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). Surgery was performed as previously described (45, 46) with resection of the median and left lateral liver lobes. Combined I/R and PHx. A model was developed incorporating both of the above hepatic I/R and PHx procedures. The portal vein and hepatic artery were occluded for 30 minutes and during the ischemic period 70% PHx was performed. Following surgeries, mice were sacrificed and livers harvested at 6 hours after reperfusion in IRI model and at 48 hours following resection in PHx and IRI+PHx models. Blood was also collected from the vena cava for serum preparation at the time of sacrifice and at 6 hours in the PHx and IRI+PHx models. Harvested livers were weighted to assess regeneration, and portions of liver tissue were either fixed in 10% neutralized formalin for histological evaluation or were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and maintained at −80° C. until homogenization for various biochemical assays. In therapeutic protocols with complement inhibition, CR2-Crry or normal saline (NS) was administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection immediately after surgery. CR2-Crry was administered at a dose of 0.25 mg, based on effective protection in previous studies of intestinal and cerebral IRI (47, 48), and at one third the dose, 0.08 mg. CR2-Crry was prepared as previously described (47). Based on a previous study done in rats (49), IL-6 blockade was accomplished using goat anti-mouse-IL-6 antibody (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.) injected i.p at 200 μg/kg body weight. The IL-6 antibody or normal goat IgG (control) was injected i.p. immediately after surgery and just prior to CR2-Crry administration.

Acylation-stimulating protein/C3adesArg reconstitution. Recombinant human ASP/C3adesArg was prepared and purified by a modification of the original procedure (50), using a His-tag at the amino terminal with initial purification on a Ni-Sepharose column followed by HPLC. No denaturing agents were used at any step in the purification to avoid ASP/C3adesArg inactivation. ASP/C3adesArg was administered at a dose of either 15 μg or 50 μg per mouse in 200 μl saline by i.p. injection immediately after PHx. Endotoxin levels in the ASP/C3adesArg preparation were analyzed by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay (E-Toxate kit; Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo.), and 25 μg/μl ASP/C3adesArg (100 times higher concentration than used) tested endotoxin-negative. Mouse ASP/C3adesArg and human ASP/C3adesArg are not identical, but it has been shown that human ASP/C3adesArg interacts with mouse ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2), activates mouse cells and enhances postprandial triglyceride clearance in wild-type and C3^(−/−) mouse models (26).

Microscopy. For histological examination, tissue blocks were placed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for 48 hours before embedding in paraffin. Liver histology was assessed by light microscopy (Olympus BH-2 Olympus America, Melville, N.Y.) of hematoxylin- and eosin-stained (H&E-stained) 4-μm sections in a blinded fashion. Ten random fields on each slide were assessed for necrosis by standard morphologic criteria (loss of architecture, vacuolization, karyolysis, increased eosinophilia) and the extent of necrosis was semi-quantitatively estimated by assigning a severity score on a scale of 0-4 as previously described (51) (absent, 0; mild, 1; moderate, 2; severe, 3; and total necrotic destruction of the liver, 4). The score was used to compare the liver damage after IRI and/or PHx between different study groups. Steatosis was assessed by Oil Red 0 staining as previously described (52). C3 deposition in liver samples was determined by immunofluorescence using anti-mouse C3d-FITC antibody (DakoCytomation, Carpenteria, Calif.) as described (18)

Biochemical and immunological assays. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin were determined using analytical kits from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, Mo.) according to manufacturer's instructions. Serum levels of TNFa and IL-6 were measured by ELISA using kits from eBiosciences (San Diego, Calif.). For measurement of hepatic TNFa and IL-6 levels, frozen liver samples were homogenized in extraction buffer (50 mmol/L Tris, pH 7.2, 150 mmol/L NaCl, Triton X-100, and a protease inhibitor cocktail). The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 g and 4° C. for 8 minutes, and TNFa and IL-6 levels in supernatants were measured by ELISA using a kit from eBiosciences (San Diego, Calif.). For quantitative assessment of neutrophil infiltration into the liver parenchyma, liver myeloperoxidase content was assessed using the Hbt mouse MPO ELISA Kit from Hycult Biotechnology (Uden, Netherlands) according to manufacturer's instructions. Liver samples were prepared and hepatic triglyceride content of samples were determined using a triglyceride test kit as described by the manufacturer (Stanbio, Boerne, Tex.). The reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver samples were determined spectrophotometrically by commercially available kits (OXISResearch, Portland, Oreg.), as reported previously (43). The calculated concentrations of lipid peroxidation products were normalized by protein concentration and expressed as nmol/mg protein.

Assessment of Liver Regeneration. Three independent markers for hepatic regeneration were used. Reconstitution of liver weight was expressed as percentage of regenerated liver mass relative to total liver weight and was calculated as described (53). For assessment of hepatic proliferation, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected i.p. (50 mg/kg) 2 hrs prior to harvesting of liver. BrdU incorporation in liver sections was determined by immunohistochemical staining as described (54). Positive and negative cells were counted in 10 randomly selected fields by light microscopy using a 40× objective lens. Constantly proliferating intestinal crypt epithelium served as a positive control for BrdU incorporation and staining. The mitotic index was determined in H&E-stained sections using previously reported criteria for mitosis as follows: complete absence of cell membrane, slight eosinophilic staining of nucleus, nuclear spindle matrix formation, absence of a nucleolus, and slight increase in cell size (55). The mitotic index was expressed as the rate of positive cells per 1000 hepatocytes/HPF. All analyses were performed with the operator blinded to the experimental groups.

Assessment of Morbidity. Clinical scores of morbidity were assessed 48 hours after PHx as previously described (56). Each mouse was graded from 0 to 3 (0, normal; 1, slight effect; 2, moderate effect; and 3, severe effect) for posture, coat, and activity. Scores were combined to produce a final score on a scale from 0 to 9.

Measurement of Liver ATP Content. Approximately 50 mg frozen liver tissue was homogenized in 500 μl ice-cold tissue lysis buffer (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Mo.) with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). The homogenates were centrifuged at 10,000×g for 8 minutes at 4° C., and ATP in supernatants was extracted using 1.5% trichloroacetic acid. Supernatants were then diluted 1:150 in Tris-acetate buffer (pH 7.85) and to 100 μl of diluted sample was added 100 μl reconstituted luciferin-luciferase solution (Enliten®, Promega, Madison, Wis.). Luciferase activity was immediately evaluated luminometrically. ATP content in the samples was determined by comparison to a concurrent standard curve. Protein concentration was also determined and the calculated concentrations of ATP content were normalized by protein concentration and expressed as mmol/mg protein.

Western blot analysis of GPX1 and STAT3 and Akt activation. Liver samples were homogenized on ice in lysis buffer (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, Mo.) containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). Homogenates were sonicated and centrifuged at 10,000×g, 4° C. to remove cellular debris. Protein concentrations were determined. Samples containing equal amounts of protein in equal volumes of sample buffer were separated in a 4%-15% Tris-HCl polyacrylamide gradient gel and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (BIO-RAD, Hercules, Calif.). Nonspecific binding sites were blocked with Tris-buffered saline containing 5% nonfat dry milk for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were then incubated with antibodies to GPX1, Akt, phospho-Akt, STAT3, phospho-STAT3 (all fromCell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass.) or GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, Calif.) in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween 20. Membranes were washed and incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Immunoreactive proteins were detected via enhanced chemiluminescence.

Statistical Analysis. Data is expressed as mean±SD. Significant differences between groups were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Bonferrroni correction for continuous variable and multiple groups. Student's T-Test was used for the comparison of a normally distributed continuous variable between two groups. For the survival studies, Kaplan-Meier log-rank analysis was performed. All differences were considered statistically significant at the p-value of <0.05.

Results

Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. The role of complement in murine hepatic IRI was investigated using C3^(−/−) mice and in wild-type mice treated with different doses of the complement inhibitor CR2-Crry (either 0.08 mg or 0.25 mg). Following 30 minutes of hepatic ischemia and either 6 hours or 24 hours of reperfusion, survival, liver injury and local inflammation was assessed. All mice survived for the observed periods post-reperfusion. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined as a measure of liver function. ALT levels were raised significantly in all groups undergoing I/R compared to baseline or to sham operated mice (FIG. 1A). However, ALT levels were significantly higher post-reperfusion in wild-type mice following I/R compared to C3^(−/−) mice or mice treated with either dose of inhibitor. A 0.08 mg dose of CR2-Crry was less protective than a 0.25 mg dose at 6 hours post-reperfusion, although ALT levels were not significantly different at 24 hours post-reperfusion. Histological assessment of injury was also significantly lower in C3^(−/−) and complement inhibited mice at both 6 hours and 24 hours post-I/R (FIG. 1B-C), with high dose inhibition providing better protection at both time points of analysis. To assess the effect of complement activation on neutrophil recruitment, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in liver homogenates were determined. Levels of MPO were elevated in all post-reperfusion samples compared to baseline and sham operated controls, but MPO levels were significantly lower in C3 deficient and complement inhibited mice compared to control wild-type mice at both 6 hours and 24 hours post-reperfusion (FIG. 1D). MPO levels were, however, higher at 24 hours compared to 6 hours post-reperfusion in all groups, which did not correlate with reduced ALT and injury scores at 24 hours compared to 6 hours post-reperfusion. Levels of the inflammatory cytokines, TNFa and IL-6, were also significantly reduced in C3 deficient and complement inhibited mice compared to wild-type controls at both time points post-reperfusion, with significantly lower levels at 24 hours compared to 6 hours post-reperfusion (FIG. 1E-F). An overall comparison of injury and recovery markers at 6 and 24 hours post-I/R indicate that C3 deficiency and high dose complement inhibition delays recovery and repair compared to low dose complement inhibition. For clinical relevance, we used a model of total hepatic ischemia similar to the Pringle maneuver, a clinical procedure often used in hepatic surgery. Nevertheless, these data show that complement deficiency and inhibition also protects against IRI in a model of partial hepatic ischemia that does not carry the risk of intestinal venous congestion, a condition that may activate complement and may cause endotoxemia (FIG. 12).

Partial hepatectomy and liver regeneration. In broad agreement with previously published data (14), these data demonstrated that C3 deficiency results in increased injury following 70% PHx as measured by increased serum ALT, bilirubin, focal liver necrosis and mortality. In addition, an impaired regenerative response in C3^(−/−) mice was demonstrated by significantly reduced BrdU incorporation, decreased mitotic index score and reduced restitution of liver weight (FIG. 13). A significant increase in liver steatosis in C3^(−/−) mice post-PHx compared to wild-type mice, as assessed by histological examination and by triglyceride content, was also observed. Liver regeneration is associated with transient accumulation of hepatic lipids, and mild macrovesicular steatosis developed in wild-type mice following PHx. However, C3 deficiency was associated with the development of moderate to severe macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis (FIG. 2). This suggests a possible mechanistic link between complement, steatosis and regeneration, particularly in view of the fact that C3a has been shown to play an important role in liver regeneration (14), and its degraded form, C3adesArg (also known as acylation stimulating protein or ASP/C3adesArg), plays a role in lipid metabolism. ASP/C3adesArg increases fat storage in adipocytes through increased triglyceride synthesis and decreased intracellular lipolysis (19).

Since mice deficient in C3 (and therefore unable to generate ASP/C3adesArg) have delayed triglyceride clearance (20-22), we administered ASP/C3adesArg to C3^(−/−) mice following PHx to assess the effect of ASP/C3adesArg on liver regeneration and steatosis. Reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with a 15 μg dose of recombinant ASP/C3adesArg significantly reduced steatosis and hepatic injury, completely restored the proliferative response as measured by BrdU incorporation and restitution of liver weight, and significantly improved survival (FIGS. 2 and 3). TNFa and IL-6 are cytokines involved in the priming events of liver regeneration via their effects on NF-κB and STAT3 activation. Confirming previous data (14), C3 deficiency significantly reduced STAT3 activation following PHx (FIG. 3F). However, reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with 15 μg ASP/C3adesArg restored STAT3 activation to wild-type levels, identifying a putative pathway through which ASP/C3adesArg may modulate liver regeneration.

The only identified receptor for ASP/C3adesArg is C5L2 (23-26), and C5L2 plays an important role in triglyceride synthesis and clearance (25, 26). To investigate a role for C5L2 in liver regeneration and a putative link between ASP/C3adesArg and C5L2 in regeneration, we determined the effect of C5L2 deficiency on liver injury and regeneration following PHx. C5L2^(−/−) mice responded to PHx similarly to C3^(−/−) mice, and compared to wild-type mice displayed significantly increased hepatic injury, increased mortality and impaired liver regeneration (FIG. 3). C5L2^(−/−) mice also developed moderate to severe hepatic steatosis following PHx (FIG. 2). Also similar to C3^(−/−) mice, STAT3 activation was significantly reduced in C5L2^(−/−) mice following PHx compared to wild-type mice and ASP/C3adesArg-reconstituted mice. We further determined the effect of ASP/C3adesArg administration to C5L2^(−/−) mice following PHx. Treatment of C5L2^(−/−) mice with 15 μg ASP/C3adesArg following PHx had no effect on any parameter of injury or regeneration in these mice (FIG. 3A-E), and did not affect STAT3 signaling (FIG. 3F). Collectively, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that ASP/C3adesArg modulates regeneration via a mechanism involving C5L2 modulation of STAT3 activation. Nevertheless, previous studies have indicated a key role for C5a and C5aR signaling in STAT3 activation and liver regeneration (14), and importantly, complement activation was similar in C5L2^(−/−) and wild-type mice following PHx, as determined by C3 deposition in liver sections (FIG. 14). Unexpectedly, reconstitution of C3^(−/−) mice with a high dose of ASP/C3adesArg (50 μg) following PHx failed to restore the regenerative response and did not protect against injury (FIG. 3). It was not clear why low vs. high dose ASP/C3adesArg had opposing effects in liver regeneration and injury in C3^(−/−) mice following PHx. However, while the complement activation products C3a and C5a have been shown to play a key role in the priming stages of liver regeneration via their effect on TNFa and IL-6 expression, these cytokines can play dual roles in hepatocyte regeneration and injury, and increased and prolonged expression of these inflammatory cytokines is associated with hepatic injury (27-29).

We therefore investigated the effect of high vs. low dose ASP/C3adesArg on TNFa and IL-6 expression levels and on hepatic neutrophil infiltration (MPO activity) following PHx. At 6 hours post-PHx. TNFa and IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in C3^(−/−) mice treated with either high or low dose ASP/C3adesArg compared to saline treated C3^(−/−) mice (FIG. 4). However, levels of both cytokines were significantly higher in mice treated with 50 μg ASP/C3adesArg compared to mice treated with 15 μg ASP/C3adesArg. High dose ASP/C3adesArg also correlated with significantly increased neutrophil infiltration post-PHx as determined by MPO activity. Thus, high dose ASP/C3adesArg is associated with a significantly higher inflammatory burden post-PHx. We also determined that treatment of wild-type mice with either a low or high dose of ASP/C3adesArg following PHx significantly increased injury and impaired the proliferative response, with the higher dose of ASP/C3adesArg having a more profound effect on injury and regeneration (data not shown). Together, the above data indicate that ASP/C3adesArg is a key factor in liver regeneration following PHx, but ASP/C3adesArg at levels higher than normally generated endogenously due to PHx-induced complement activation results in increased hepatic inflammation and injury, and an impaired regenerative response. These data suggest that there is a threshold of complement activation and C3a/ASP/C3adesArg production for optimal liver regeneration following PHx.

Complement inhibition and liver regeneration. To put the above results in a more clinical context, we investigated the effect of different doses of a complement inhibitor on liver injury and regeneration following PHx in wild-type mice. For these studies we used CR2-Crry at a dose of 0.08 mg or 0.25 mg, the same doses used in the above IRI studies. Similar to the results with C3^(−/−) mice (shown in FIG. 13), wild-type mice treated with a 0.25 mg dose of CR2-Crry after PHx showed significantly increased liver injury and impaired proliferative response compared to saline treated controls (FIG. 5). There was also a high mortality of these complement inhibited mice compared to control treated mice (40% vs. 0%, respectively, monitored over a 7 day period). As might be expected given the important role for complement activation in liver regeneration, the lower dose of CR2-Crry resulted in less injury and increased BrdU incorporation compared to high dose CR2-Crry treatment.

Unexpectedly, however, low dose complement inhibition resulted in significantly less hepatic injury and a significantly enhanced proliferative response compared to saline treated controls (FIG. 5). Additional data demonstrated that low dose CR2-Crry treatment resulted in improved and accelerated regeneration at multiple time points after PHx. By 7 days post-PHx, restoration of liver to normal weight was almost complete, and there was no significant difference between mice treated with saline or low dose CR2-Crry (FIG. 15A-B). There was no mortality in mice treated with 0.08 mg of CR2-Crry or saline, but there was some minor injury in control mice following PHx, based on elevated ALT and histology scores. There was also a higher morbidity score in control mice compared to low dose Crry-treated mice (FIG. 15C). ALT levels had dropped to normal by 72 hours post-PHx (FIG. 15D). ALT levels were significantly lower at 24 and 48 hours post-PHx in low dose CR2-Crry-treated mice compared to saline-treated controls.

Anti-C3d immunofuorescence microscopy of liver sections was used to correlate the effect of the different doses of CR2-Crry with the level of complement activation and liver injury/regeneration. C3d was deposited predominantly on hepatocyte membranes and sinusoidal endothelium within livers isolated from wild-type mice 48 hours post-PHx. C3d was deposited with a greater intensity and was more widely distributed in samples from wild-type mice compared to samples from mice treated with 0.08 mg CR2-Crry. There was no detectable C3d deposition in samples from mice treated with 0.25 mg CR2-Crry (FIG. 6).

Together, these data support the concept of a balance between complement-dependent injury and a complement-dependent proliferative response in liver regeneration following PHx. Thus, it is possible that in a clinical setting, impaired liver regeneration following resection or small for size transplantation may be a consequence of excessive complement activation and inflammation following IRI.

Complement inhibition in a combined model of ischemia reperfusion injury and partial hepatectomy. Since hepatic I/R results in a significant level of complement activation and complement-dependent injury (refer to FIG. 1), we investigated the effect of complement inhibition in a model that incorporates both IRI and 70% PHx, a model mimicking the procedure used for massive liver resection under the Pringle maneuver. Wild-type or C3^(−/−) mice were subjected to 30 minutes hepatic ischemia, during which time 70% PHx was performed. Wild-type mice were treated with either 0.08 mg CR2-Crry or 0.25 mg CR2-Crry immediately after surgery. Only 20% of C3^(−/−) mice survived for 48 hours following surgery, compared to 90% survival of wild-type mice (FIG. 7A). Compared to wild-type mice, surviving C3^(−/−) mice had significantly increased hepatic injury and an impaired proliferative response (FIG. 7B-E). Notably, wild-type mice that underwent the combined surgery had a worse outcome in terms of hepatic injury and hepatocyte proliferation than wild-type mice that underwent 70% PHx alone (refer to FIG. 3). Treatment of wild-type mice with 0.25 mg CR2-Crry, a dose that was highly protective against IRI, also resulted in a significantly poorer outcome in the combined model, with increased hepatic injury, decreased BrdU incorporation and lower liver weights at 48 hours post-surgery compared to control animals (FIG. 7). In contrast, low dose CR2-Crry treatment resulted in no mortality and a significantly improved outcome in terms of hepatic injury and liver regeneration when compared to all other groups including, importantly, wild-type control. The level of hepatic injury correlated with neutrophil infiltration as measured by MPO activity (FIG. 7F). We also investigated the effect of complement inhibition on TNFa and IL-6 levels. At 6 hours after reperfusion in this combined model, serum TNFa levels positively correlated with hepatic injury. Serum IL-6 levels, on the other hand, were negatively correlated with injury, with significantly higher IL-6 levels seen in mice treated with 0.08 mg CR2-Crry compared to all other groups (FIG. 8A-B). This is consistent with the important role for IL-6 in the regenerative response, and although TNFa levels were lower in 0.08 mg CR2-Crry treated mice compared to other test groups, they were still significantly elevated compared to sham-operated mice.

Interestingly, at 48 hours post-reperfusion, the situation for IL-6 was reversed, with serum IL-6 levels in low dose CR2-Crry treated mice being significantly lower than in C3^(−/−) mice or mice treated with high dose CR2-Crry. Serum TNFa levels remained significantly lower in low dose CR2-Crry treated mice compared to all other groups (FIG. 8C-D). TNFa and IL-6 are considered important for the priming phase of the regenerative response, and hepatic expression of these cytokines peak at around 1-2 hours and 3-6 hours post-PHx, respectively. We therefore also determined hepatic levels of TNFa and IL-6 at 3 hours post-IRI+PHx. Compared to wild-type mice, C3 deficiency and high dose complement inhibition resulted in significantly reduced levels of TNFa and IL-6 in the liver (FIG. 8E-F). In contrast, low dose CR2-Crry correlated with significantly increased hepatic levels of both cytokines relative to all other groups, including wild-type. Thus, low dose complement inhibition and enhanced liver regeneration is associated with increased early hepatic production of these cytokines, and with diminished systemic levels of the inflammatory cytokines by 48 hours post-PHx compared to all other groups.

Effect of complement deficiency and complement inhibition on signaling pathways, ATP levels and oxidative injury following IRI and PHx. Additional studies were performed to further elucidate potential mechanisms of hepatoprotection and regeneration in CR2-Crry treated mice. In addition to regulating the activation of STAT3, IL-6 also activates the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, a pathway that has been shown to play an important role in the early regenerative response following PHx and that regulates progression of the G1 phase during regeneration (30). We therefore determined whether the high levels of early IL-6 expression associated with low dose complement inhibition correlated with increased STAT3 and Akt activation. Phosphorylation of STAT3 and Akt after IRI+PHx was determined in livers isolated from complement-deficient and complement-inhibited mice. C3 deficiency and high dose complement inhibition markedly reduced STAT3 activation following IRI+PHx compared to saline-treated mice and mice treated with low dose complement inhibition (FIG. 9A). Furthermore, there was an increase in STAT3 activation in low dose CR2-Crry treated mice compared to saline controls at both 3 and 6 hours post-IRI+PHx. Low dose CR2-Crry treatment was also associated with an increase in Akt phosphorylation at 6 hours post-IRI+PHx (FIG. 9A).

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative injury occurs in the liver after I/R and also after massive resection. Also, cellular ATP stores have been shown to play an important role in liver regeneration by supplying energy and regulating post-transcriptional activation of cyclin D-1/cdk complexes (31-33). To investigate whether the effect of complement inhibition on hepatoprotection and liver regeneration was associated with hepatic ATP levels, ATP concentrations were measured in liver samples from all groups at various time points post-IRI+PHx. There was a marked reduction in hepatic ATP in all groups at 6 hours post-IRI+PHx (FIG. 9B). While ATP levels remained low in C3^(−/−) mice and mice treated with high dose CR2-Crry, however, ATP stores recovered to near pre-operation levels by 48 hours after IRI+PHx in mice treated with low dose CR2-Crry.

The production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation is considered a major mechanism of heptic injury following I/R and extreme liver resection. The effect of complement inhibition on oxidative injury to the liver following IRI+PHx was examined by measuring levels of hepatic glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and malondialdehyde (MDA). There were reduced levels of GSH (antioxidant) and increased levels of MDA (index of lipid peroxidation) in saline-treated animals after IRI+PHx indicating the organs were under oxidative stress (FIG. 10A,B). Levels of the free radical scavenger GPX1 were also reduced in saline-treated animals following IRI+PHx (FIG. 10C). In contrast, treatment of mice with 0.08 mg CR2-Crry post-IRI+PHx protected against oxidative stress as indicated by significantly increased levels of GSH and GPX1 and decreased levels of MDA.

IL-6 blockade and complement inhibition following IRI+PHx. Finally, since low dose complement inhibition increased IL-6 levels post-IRI+PHx, and since IL-6 signaling is essential for the priming phase of liver regeneration, we sought to clarify whether there was a link between the hepatoprotective and proregenerative effect of low dose complement inhibition and IL-6 expression. IL-6 blockade by administration of anti-IL-6 antibodies together with CR2-Crry treatment reduced hepatic levels of IL-6 by about 65% at 3 hours post-IRI+PHx, and reduced serum levels of IL-6 by about 50% at 6 hours post-IRI+PHx (FIGS. 11A-B). Further, IL-6 blockade significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated STAT3 following IRI+PHx, indicating a direct relationship between increased levels of IL-6 and STAT3 activation (FIG. 11C). IL-6 blockade resulted in significantly increased liver injury (assayed by serum ALT) and a significantly impaired regenerative response (assayed by BrdU incorporation) in mice subjected to IRI+PHx and treated with low dose CR2-Crry (FIGS. 11D-E). In addition, only 4 out of 10 mice receiving anti-IL-6 antibody and CR2-Crry survived for more than 48 hours post-IRI+PHx (data not shown). Thus, the protective effect of low dose complement inhibition following IRI+PHx was lost when complement inhibitor treatment was combined with IL-6 blockade. Taken together, these results suggest that the hepatoprotective effect of low dose (but not high dose) complement inhibition is due to the role of complement in IL-6 expression and subsequent priming of the regenerative response.

Example 2 Complement Inhibition with the Targeted Complement Inhibitor CR2-CD59 Improves Liver Regeneration in Mouse Models of Warm Hepatic IRI, 70% PHx, 90% PHx, Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury, and Ethanol-Induced Injury+70% PHx Materials and Methods

Animal studies. 8-10 week-old wild-type C57BL/6 mice, C3 deficient (C3^(−/−)) and CD59 deficient (CD59^(−/−)) C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. Mice were fed a pellet diet and water ad libitum, and kept on a 12-hour-light/dark cycle. Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.05 ml/10 g body weight of a “ketamine cocktail” consisting of ketamine (13 mg/ml), xylazine (2.6 mg/ml) and acepromazine (0.15 mg/ml) in sterile normal saline. Animals were subjected to one of the following four different procedures: (i) hepatic IRI; (ii) 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx); (iii) 90% PHx; and (iv) ethanol-induced injury followed by 70% PHx.

Hepatic IRI. Mice were subjected to total warm hepatic ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) as previously described. Briefly, mice were anesthetized and laparotomy performed with a small vertical incision. Following surgical exposure of the liver, the portal vein and hepatic artery were occluded for 30 minutes with a microaneurysm clamp to induce hepatic ischemia, followed by a 6 hour period of reperfusion. 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). Surgery was performed as previously described. Briefly, laparotomy was performed with a midline incision and the median and left lateral liver lobes resected. 90% PHx. Ninety percent hepatectomy was performed as previously described. The was procedure performed with removed the left lateral and median lobes using a single ligature (70% PH), afterwards resected the right lateral lobe (20%) and left only the caudate lobe. Ethanol-induced injury followed by 70% PHx. Wild-type, factor B^(−/−), C3^(−/−), and CD59^(−/−) mice were allowed free access to an ethanol-containing diet at increasing concentrations of ethanol as follows: (1) 1% (v/v) for two days; (2) 2% (v/v) for 2 days; (3) 4% (v/v) ethanol for 7 days; and finally (4) 5% (v/v) ethanol for a further 4 weeks. After five weeks and four days, the wild-type, factor B^(−/−), C3^(−/−), and CD59^(−/−) ethanol-fed animals were subjected to 70% PHx.

Following surgeries, mice were sacrificed at different time points and liver and blood samples were collected. Harvested livers were weighted to assess regeneration, and portions of liver tissue were either fixed in 10% neutralized formalin for histological evaluation or were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and maintained at −80° C. until homogenization for various biochemical assays. In therapeutic protocols with complement inhibition, CR2-Crry, CR2-CD59 or normal saline (NS) was administered i.p. immediately after surgery.

Therapeutic protocols with complement inhibitors. For clinical relevance and the fact that limited or temporary complement inhibition may have a different effect, we also performed parallel experiments in wild-type mice treated with the complement inhibitors, CR2-Crry, which inhibits complement at the level of C3, and CR2-CD59, which inhibits terminal complement at the level of MAC formation. The inhibitor was prepared as previously described. The effect of complement deficiency and inhibition on regeneration was analyzed as described below. Inhibitors (CR2-Crry and CR2-CD59) or normal saline (NS) were administered immediately after surgery. The dose of inhibitors was administered as described below.

Results

Role of terminal complement in hepatic IRI and regeneration. Activation of the terminal complement pathway results in the sequential assembly of complement proteins C6, C7, C8 and (C9)_(n) to form the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC), which causes direct cell lysis, and, when formed at sub-lytic levels also stimulates cells to release proinflammatory molecules. Until now, there have been no reports on the role of MAC in liver IRI and regeneration. Control of the terminal complement pathway and MAC formation in host cell membranes is provided by the activity of CD59. CD59 functions by binding to C8 and C9 during assembly of the MAC (C5b-9) and preventing the unfolding and membrane insertion of C9.

These experiments investigated the role of the MAC in IRI and liver regeneration using CD59^(−/−) mice. The absence of CD59 results in uncontrolled activation of the terminal portion of the complement system. CD59^(−/−) mice subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion, showed a significant increase in ALT level and liver injury compared to wild-type animals. Treatment of the CD59^(−/−) animals with 0.4 mg of CR2-CD59 significantly reduced those injuries (FIGS. 16-17). ALT levels in CR2-CD59 treated wild-type mice were significantly reduced compared to NS control animals (p<0.01).

Furthermore, CD59^(−/−) mice subjected to 70% PHx showed severe impairment of liver regeneration, characterized by significantly increased serum ALT levels (FIG. 18), extensive necrosis, increased inflammatory cell infiltration (FIG. 19), abolition of BrdU incorporation (FIG. 20) and a significantly higher mortality rate (FIG. 21). Treatment with 0.2 mg CR2-CD59, a dose sufficient to reconstitute CD59 expression, significantly reduced hepatic injury and improved regeneration, as shown by serum ALT levels (FIG. 18), liver pathology (FIG. 19), BrdU incorporation (FIG. 20) and overall survival (FIG. 21). These data suggest that the terminal pathway, specifically the MAC, plays an important role in liver regeneration and IRI, and that excessive complement activation significantly hampers the regenerative process within the liver.

Effect on liver regeneration selectively inhibited at different points in the complement pathway. Data obtained using complement deficient mice is not always in agreement with results obtained from studies in which complement has been temporarily inhibited. We next investigated the effect of reduced complement activation in wild-type mice treated with the complement inhibitor CR2-Crry, which inhibits complement at the level of C3, and with the complement inhibitor CR2-CD59, which inhibits terminal complement, preventing assembly of the MAC. We first performed parallel experiments for hepatic IRI, using wild-type mice treated with a 0.25 mg dose of CR2-Crry, and 0.2 mg CR2-CD59. Animals were subjected to 30 minutes of total hepatic warm ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion, after which survival, liver injury and local inflammation were assessed. ALT levels in complement-inhibited wild-type mice using treatment with CR2-Crry or CR2-CD59 were significantly reduced compared to NS control (FIG. 22). No significant difference was observed between groups treated with CR2-Crry and with CR2-CD59.

Infiltration of ischemic tissue by innate immune effector cells following reperfusion is well-described. To assess to what extent complement plays a role in neutrophil recruitment within the liver, we quantified MPO levels in liver homogenates. MPO levels were elevated in all post-reperfusion samples at 6 hours compared to baseline and sham-operated controls. Complement inhibition with both CR2-Crry and CR2-CD59 was associated with a significant decrease in MPO compared to NS control (p<0.05, respectively), with MPO levels of 34.8±6.5 ng/mg in NS controls, compared to 16.8±4.0 ng/mg in animals treated with 0.25 mg CR2-Crry, and 7.9±2.8 ng/mg in animals treated with 0.2 mg CR2-CD59, respectively.

In regeneration studies, mice treated with CR2-Crry at a dose of 0.25 mg administered i.p. immediately after 70% PHx developed severe liver damage (FIGS. 23-24) and displayed impaired liver regeneration (FIG. 24). Surprisingly, however, mice treated with CR2-Crry at a dose of 0.08 mg administered by i.p. injection immediately after PHx developed significantly less hepatic damage (FIGS. 23-24) and showed a marked increase BrdU incorporation compared to wild-type controls (FIG. 25). More interestingly, mice treated with both 0.45 mg and 0.15 mg CR2-CD59 displayed significantly reduced liver injury and dramatically improved liver regeneration (FIGS. 23-25).

Prevention of acute liver failure in wild-type mice following 90% PHx with CR2-CD59. Massive liver resection often leads to liver failure and death and is a major limitation to therapeutic liver resection for patients with liver tumors. Using a mouse model of 90% PHx, we tested the ability of terminal complement inhibition to improve outcomes. Mice were subjected to 90% PHx, and then treated with 0.1 mg CR2-CD59, 0.08 mg CR2-Crry or NS by i.p. injection immediately post-surgery. In NS control mice, 90% PHx induced early, severe liver injury and dysfunction, demonstrated by high serum ALT levels (FIG. 26), extensive necrosis of hepatic parenchyma, severe microvesicular steatosis (FIG. 27), abolition of BrdU incorporation (FIG. 28), and 100% mortality within 3 days (FIG. 29). CR2-CD59 treatment resulted in reduced biochemical and histological evidence of liver injury as well as increased BrdU incorporation and significantly improved survival (FIGS. 26-29). Surprisingly, treatment with CR2-Crry had no therapeutic impact, with an injury profile not significantly different from NS-treated animals.

Aggravated complement activation is involved in liver injury in a model of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The complement system is known to be activated in alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but its role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury remains obscure. Here we investigated the role of activation of complement in alcoholic liver injury. Wild-type mice and mice lacking factor B (FB^(−/−)), C3 (C3^(−/−)), or CD59 (CD59^(−/−)), were fed ethanol-containing diets. Mice were allowed free access to an ethanol-containing diet with increasing concentrations of ethanol as follows: 1% (v/v) ethanol for two days, 2% (v/v) ethanol for 2 days, 4% (v/v) ethanol for 7 days, and finally 5% (v/v) ethanol for a further 4 weeks), each pair-fed a control diets, and the effect of complement reconstitution and targeted complement inhibition was investigated. Ethanol-fed wild-type mice developed hepatic steatosis characterized by mild microvesicular and macrovesicular lipid accumulation and increased triglyceride content, increased serum ALT level (FIGS. 30-31). FB^(−/−) and C3^(−/−) mice on the ethanol diet did not develop steatosis, and only showed a slight increase in ALT levels. In contrast, CD59^(−/−) mice on the ethanol-containing diet developed greater hepatic steatosis, increased levels of hepatic triglyceride and developed more severe hepatic injury compared to wild-type mice (FIGS. 30-31).

In a second set of experiments, the effect of targeted complement inhibitors on liver regeneration was examined in wild-type mice fed the same ethanol-containing diet and in control animals undergoing 70% PHx. An 0.08 μg dose of the targeted complement inhibitor CR2-Crry was administered immediately after surgery by i.p. injection, and hepatic regeneration was assessed by hematoxylin- and eosin-staining. Hepatic regeneration was significantly suppressed in steatotic liver in ethanol-fed wild-type mice as compared to pair-fed mice receiving a normal diet. Interestingly, targeted complement inhibition resulted in improved survival and a significantly enhanced proliferative response compared to control mice (FIG. 32).

Discussion

Identification of mechanisms that limit hepatic regeneration after toxic injury or PHx holds the key to expanding the limits of small-for-size liver transplantation and massive liver resection. Massive liver resection and small-for-size liver transplantation pose a clinical challenge due to increased susceptibility of the remnant/graft to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) and suppression of liver regeneration. Complement is implicated in both processes. In a mouse model of warm hepatic IRI, we have shown that CD59 deficiency results in extensive injury compared to wild-type mice. Treatment with CR2-CD59 significantly reduces liver injury in CD59^(−/−) mice and wild-type mice following IRI, as shown by a decrease in ALT levels and histology scores.

Wild-type mice can tolerate 70% hepatectomy, and are capable of undergoing sufficient hepatic regeneration to recover completely from the resection. In contrast, liver regeneration was severely impaired in CD59^(−/−) mice after 70% PHx, as shown by a significant increase in serum ALT levels, extensive necrosis of hepatic parenchyma, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, abolition of BrdU incorporation, and significantly increased deposition of C9. Reconstitution with CR2-CD59 significantly decreased parenchyma damage, increased liver regenerative responses and improved survival in CD59^(−/−) mice after 70% PHx. Both CR2-Crry and CR2-CD59 treatment significantly reduced the injury induced by IRI procedure in wild-type mice. Like C3-deficient mice, wild-type mice treated with 0.25 mg CR2-Crry by i.p. injection after 70% PHx displayed impaired liver regeneration. However, a lower dose of 0.08 mg CR2-Crry significantly improved liver regeneration in wild-type mice after 70% PHx compared to NS controls. Surprisingly, however, wild-type mice treated with both 0.45 mg and 0.15 mg CR2-CD59 by i.p. injection following 70% PHx demonstrated significantly reduced liver injury and dramatically improved liver regeneration.

Finally, after 90% PHx, wild-type mice developed severe hepatic steatosis characterized by microvesicular lipid accumulation, increased triglyceride levels, marked increased in serum ALT levels, and severely impaired liver regeneration in liver remnants. In contrast, after 70% PHx, wild-type mice developed mild macrovesicular steatosis and only slight increased ALT levels. Interestingly, blockade of terminal complement (i.e., MAC assembly) with CR2-CD59 significantly increased survival and restored liver regeneration in wild-type mice following 90% PHx. In fact, liver remnants retrieved from CR2-CD59 treated wild-type mice in the first hours after surgery displayed increased expression of regeneration-promoting cytokines TNFα and IL-6, as well as increased STAT3 activation.

This data highlights a central role for terminal complement and MAC assembly in modulation of cell death-promoting mechanisms associated with massive hepatectomy, suggesting blockade of terminal complement and MAC assembly with the targeted complement inhibitor CR2-CD59 as a novel strategy to promote regeneration in the massively-injured liver.

Example 3 Toxicology Studies and Determination of a Human Equivalent Dose

The pharmaceutical compositions exemplified herein were administered to mice at doses ranging from approximately 3.2 mg/kg to approximately 20 mg/kg.

Further toxicological studies are performed in mice to determine the no observed adverse effect level—the highest dose level that does not produce a significant adverse effect—in mice, both sham operated and after varying degrees of PHx and toxic injury. Thus, groups of wild-type C57BL/6 mice are obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.) or other commercial source. Mice are fed a pellet diet with free access to water and kept on a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Mice are used at 8-10 weeks old, weighing between 22.5 g-25 g. Mice are placed into groups of an appropriate number (i.e., n=5-10 or more), subjected to IRI, 70% PHx or IRI+70% PHx as described above, then treated with escalating doses of targeted complement inhibitor (e.g., CR2-CD59, CR2-Crry, or CR2-FH), ASP/C3adesArg antagonist, or ASP/C3adesArg receptor (C5L2) antagonist administered by the desired route (e.g., intra-peritoneal injection) immediately following surgery. After an appropriate period of time, mice are exsanguinated, toxicity assessed, and the highest dose level that does not produce a significant adverse effect, defined as impaired liver regeneration and increased hepatic injury assessed by measuring serum ALT, MPO, and BrdU incorporation, is determined. From that data, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is determined for mice. The mouse NOAEL is then converted to the human equivalent dose based on body surface area. See, e.g., Rick Ng, DRUGS: FROM DISCOVERY TO APPROVAL (2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.), at p. 158-161. The calculated human NOAEL is used as a starting point to determine appropriate dosing for toxicology and efficacy studies which are conducted in humans.

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Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that certain minor changes and modifications will be practiced. Therefore, the description and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. 

1. A method of stimulating liver regeneration in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the individual a composition in an amount effective to reduce activation of terminal complement and formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the individual.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is a mammal.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the mammal is a human.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual has undergone a partial hepatectomy.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual has undergone a liver transplant.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the liver transplant is a small-for-size liver transplant.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual is a live liver donor.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a complement inhibitor.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the complement inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of a targeted complement inhibitor, or a non-targeted complement inhibitor.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the targeted complement inhibitor is a fusion protein comprising: a. a targeting portion selected from the group consisting of 1) a complement receptor 2 (CR2) (SEQ ID NO:1) or a biologically active fragment thereof, and 2) an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to a proteolytic fragment of C3; and b. a complement inhibitor portion, wherein the complement inhibitor portion is selected from the group consisting of human CD59 (SEQ ID NO:3), mouse CD59, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), mouse CD59, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9) and a biologically active fragment thereof.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the CR2 portion comprises at least the first two N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CR2 (SEQ ID NO:2).
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the CR2 portion comprises at least the first four N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR) domains of CR2 (amino acids 23-271 of SEQ ID NO:1).
 13. The method of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the complement inhibitor portion comprises full-length human CD59 (SEQ ID NO:3), full-length mouse CD59, isoform A (SEQ ID NO:8), or full-length mouse CD59, isoform B (SEQ ID NO:9).
 14. The method of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the complement inhibitor portion comprises the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3), the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8), or the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9).
 15. The method of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the complement inhibitor portion comprises the extracellular domain of human CD59 (amino acids 26-102 of SEQ ID NO:3) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102), the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform A (amino acids 24-96 of SEQ ID NO:8) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Ser-96), or the extracellular domain of full-length mouse CD59 protein, isoform B (amino acids 24-104 of SEQ ID NO:9) lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-104).
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor.
 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first two N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102).
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor.
 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the targeted complement inhibitor comprises a fusion protein comprising at least the first four N-terminal SCR domains of CR2 and the extracellular domain of human CD59 lacking its GPI anchor and/or the amino acid to which it is attached (i.e., Asn-102).
 20. The method of claim 9, wherein the non-targeted complement inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of an anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a C1-inhibitor protein or a biologically active fragment thereof, an anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, an anti-factor D antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, clusterin, and vitronectin.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the anti-C3 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the anti-factor B antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, the anti-properdin antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, or the anti-factor D antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof, is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the antigen-binding fragments are selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments.
 23. The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is humanized.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the humanized anti-C5 antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof is eculizumab or pexelizumab.
 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:15) or mouse clusterin protein (SEQ ID NO:16).
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse clusterin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.
 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the non-targeted complement inhibitor is human vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:17) or mouse vitronectin protein (SEQ ID NO:18).
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the non-targeted complement inhibitor comprises a homolog of a human or mouse vitronectin protein or a biologically active fragment thereof.
 29. The method of claim 10, wherein said proteolytic fragment of C3 is selected from the group consisting of iC3b, C3dg, and C3d.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein said proteolytic fragment of C3 is C3d.
 31. The method of claim 10, wherein said antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that binds to a proteolytic fragment of C3 is polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, or humanized.
 32. The method of claim 10, wherein said antigen-binding fragment that binds to a proteolytic fragment of C3 is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)₂ fragments. 